Alphabetical Index

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UNSCIENTIFIC (inattentive to assumptions; tendency toward uncritical, entailment-heavy assertions about learning)

QUASI-SCIENTIFIC or LIMITED-SCIENTIFIC(lacking some critical element associated with robust, scientific knowledge)

SCIENTIFIC(robustly theorized and empirically grounded, aimed at innovative contributions to understanding learning)

BLACK signifies clusters of related discourses and map regions

** signifies HIJACKED or ADAPTED (not originally formulated or intended as discourses on or associated with learning)

Discourse or Cluster of Discourses	A.K.A.	Subdiscourses
a posteriori Discourses		a posteriori Comparison/Contrast (Post Hoc Comparison/Contrast; Unplanned Comparison/Contrast) Actualism Middle-Range Theory
a priori Discourses		a priori Comparison/Contrast (Planned Comparison/Contrast) Middle-Range Theory Possibilism
Acquisition Metaphor		Accretion Acquisitive Learning Banking Model (of Education) Conduit Metaphor (Conduit Model of Communication) Grasping Metaphor Transmission Model (of Education) Truth Metaphor
Action Learning	Action Inquiry	Action Reflection Learning Action-Based Learning Questions Learning Action Cell
Action Theory	Structural Functionalism	Contextual Action Theory Dual-Concern Theory (Dual-Concern Model) Functionalism (Adaptationism; Functional Psychology) Interdependence Theory (Social Interdependence Theory) Mediated Action Optimal Distinctiveness Theory Relational Dialectics Theory Social Action Theory Social Exchange Theory (Exchange Theory) Structural Psychology Structuration Theory Will Psychology
Active Learning		Adventure-Based Learning Deep Active Learning Generative Learning ICAP (ICAP Hypothesis) Passive Learning (Receptive Learning)
Activist Discourses	Sociopolitical Theory	Achievement Gap Acculturation Affirmative Action (Positive Action; Positive Discrimination) Agency Theory Angry White Male (Angry White Man) Anti-Ableism (Disability Rights; Equality of Access) Anti-Oppressive Education Anti-Racism Aversive Racism BIPOC (POC) Colorism Conflict Theories Conscientization (Critical Consciousness; Consciousness Raising) Control Theories (in Sociology) Critical Race Theory Cultural Blindness Cultural Literacy Culturally Relevant Teaching (Culturally Responsive Teaching) Deep Politics Democratic Teaching Discourse Disproportionality Distributive Justice Diversity Education Diversity Training Educational Trauma Empowerment Equal Opportunity Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI; EDIA; Equality, Diversity, Inclusivity; Equity, Diversity, Inclusion, Accessibility) Equity, Diversity, Inclusion, & Indigenization (EDII) Ethnic Penalty Ethnocentrism Excellence and Equity Factory Model Femininities (Critical Femininities) Gender Studies Habitus Hegemony Hidden Curriculum (Implicit Curriculum) Historical Materialism Humanizing Pedagogies Iceberg Theory (Culture Iceberg) Identity Politics Inclusive Education (Inclusion) Indoctrination Institutional Racism Intended Curriculum Intersectionality Knowledge Gap Theory (Knowledge Gap Hypothesis) Labor Process Theory Learned Curriculum Learning Gap LGBTQQIP2SAA (LGBTQ2S; LGBTQIA2S+; LGBTQ2S+) Marxism Masculinities (Critical Masculinity Studies; Inclusive Masculinity Theory; Masculinity Theories) Men’s Studies Microaggression Mindless Curriculum Modern Racism Necropolitics Neo-Marxism (New Marxism) Null Curriculum Old-Fashioned Racism Opportunity Gap Parentalism Paternalism Patriarchy Peace and Conflict Studies Peace Studies (Irenology) Performative Activism Power QTPOC (QPOC) Radical Education Radical Listening (Deep Listening; Rhetorical Listening) Radical-Transformative Agency Relational Agency (Contextual Agency; Distributed Agency; Ecological Agency; Situative Agency) Reproduction Theory Reproductive Learning Resource Theory School Integration (Desegregation) Situationism (Situational Theory; Situationalism) Social Conflict Theory Social Dominance Theory Socialization Socialization-Related Learning (Academic Socialization) Strategic Essentialism Structural Racism Subtractive Education Survivance Symbolic Violence Systemic Racism Taught Curriculum Tested Curriculum Transformative Inclusive Education War Studies (Polemology) Whiteness Studies Women’s Studies
Activity Theory		Activity System (Behavior System) Systemic-Structural Activity Theory (SSAT)
Activity- and Experience-Focused Discourses	Action-Based Learning Activity-Based Learning Activity-Based Teaching	Action Teaching Active Schools Applied Learning Computational Literacy Computational Thinking Effective Learning Enactive Learning Experience-Based Learning Experientialism Facilitation Laboratory Learning Non-Learning Problem Solving Representational Learning
Activity-Dependent Plasticity		Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity
Actor–Network Theory		Actor (Actant) Actor Network Punctualization Quasi-Object (Token) Translation (Sociology of Translation)
Adaptive Learning	Adaptive Learning Algorithms Adaptive Teaching	Flexibly Adaptive Instruction
Affordance Theory	Theory of Affordances	Affordances (Effectivities) False Affordance Hidden Affordance Perceptible Affordance (Perceived Affordance) Social Affordance Usability
Alternative Education	Alternate Education Alternative Schools Movement Education Reform Movement Nontraditional Education Reform Education	Anarchistic Free Schools Anthroposophy Anti-Schooling Activism (Radical Education Reform) Camphill Communities (Camphill Movement) Cradle School (Cradle Education; Cradle Teaching) Curative Education Deschooling Educateurs Sans Frontières Eurythmy (Visible Song; Visible Speech) Expeditionary Learning Free School Movement Free Spaces Freedom Schools Friends Schools (Quaker Schools) Froebelism (Frobelism) Genius Hour (Passion Project) Head, Heart, Hands Holistic Education (Helping Model) Humanistic Education (Person-Centered Education) 100 Languages (Hundred Languages of Children) Homeschooling (Home Education; Elective Home Education) “Know Your Learner(s)” Learning Web Microschools (Outsourced Homeschooling) Modern School (Ferrer Modern School) Montessori Method Open Classroom Open Learning Open-Space School (Open-Area Classroom) Personal Curriculum Design (Maryland Plan) Pestalozzian Reggio Emilia Reggio Project Scout Method Scientific Pedagogy Group Slow Learning (Slow Education; Slow Schooling) Small Learning Community (School-Within-A-School) Small Schools Movement Sudbury School Summerhill School Systemic Reform (Systemic Improvement) Third Teacher Unschooling Waldorf Education (Anthroposophical Education; Steiner Pedagogy)
Anchored Instruction		Strategic Teaching Framework
Andragogy	Adult Learning Theory Anthropagogy	Chain of Response Model (COR) Characteristics of Adults as Learners Model Continuing Education Geragogy (Eldergogy; Geragogics) Large-Group Capacitation
Animal Cognition		Animal Intelligence Animal Learning Animal Metacognition Behavioral Ecology Cognitive Ethology Comparative Cognition Comparative Neuropsychology Comparative Neuroscience Comparative Psychology (Animal Psychology) Consentience Contraprepared Learning Ethology Human Ethology Insect Cognition Neuroethology Prepared Learning (Preparedness) Sensitive Soul (Nutritive Soul) Sentience Unprepared Learning Zoosemiotics
Anthropology		Archeological Anthropology (Anthropology of the Past; Archaeology) Cognitive Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Cyborg Anthropology Educational Anthropology (Anthropology of Education) Ethnology Linguistic Anthropology Neuroanthropology Physical Anthropology (Biological Anthropology) Social Anthropology Sociocultural Anthropology
Applied Behavior Analysis		Behavior Analysis Behavior Analysis of Child Development (Behavioral Development) Behavior Analysis Theory (Behavior Analytic Theory) Experimental Analysis of Behavior Functional Behavior Assessment Positive Behavior Support Professional Practice of Behavior Analysis
Artificial Intelligence	AI Machine Intelligence	Algerism Algorithmic Justice Algorithmic Transparency (Algorithmic Accountability) Artificial General Intelligence (AGI; Full AI; General Intelligent Action) C-Test (Complexity Test) Chatbot (Chatterbot) ChatGPT (precursor: GPT-3, Generative Pretrained Transformer 3) Cognitive Computing Computational Creativity (Artificial Creativity; Creative Computation; Creative Computing; Mechanical Creativity) Data Poisoning Dialogue System (Conversational Agent) Evolutionary Computation Expert System (Knowledge-Based System) Foom Futurepedia.io General AI Generative AI (Artificial Imagination) Genetic Algorithm Hard Computing Intelligence Explosion Knowledge Representation and Reasoning LaMDA (Language Model for Dialogue Applications) Large Language Models Limited Memory AI Neural Network (Artificial Neural Network) Organoid Intelligence Paperclip Problem (Paperclip Maximizer) Reactive AI Self-Aware AI Skills Gap (AI Skills Gap) Soft Computing Stochastic Parrot Strong AI Superintelligence Technological Singularity (The Singularity) Theory of Mind AI Turing Test (Imitation Game) Weak AI (Narrow AI)
Assessment and Evaluation	Assessment of Learning Educational Measurement Evaluation Grading Marking Scoring	Achievement Tests (Achievement Examinations) Age Equivalent (Age-Equivalent Score; Test Age) Analytic Rubrics Assessment Design Assessment for Learning (Assessment as Learning) Assessment Software Authentic Assessment Behaviorial Deficit Benchmark Assessments (Interim Assessments) Campbell’s Law Cognitive Deficit Computer-Adaptive Tests (Tailored Testing) Concept Inventory Confidence-Based Learning Criteria-Referenced Assessments Curriculum-Based Assessment (Curriculum-Based Evaluation) Curriculum-Based Measurement Deficit Model of the Learner Demonstration of Learning Diagnostic Tests (Diagnostic Assessments) Differentiated Assessments Dynamic Assessment Educational Age Educational Quotient Electronic Portfolio (e-Portfolio; ePortfolio) Fadeout (fadeout; Preschool Fadeout) Feedback Formative Assessments (Low-Stakes Assessments) 4-Point Method Future-Authentic Assessment General Outcome Measurement Grade Equivalent (Grade Norm; Grade Scale; Grade Score) High-Stakes Test Hinge Question Holistic Grading (Global Grading, Impressionistic Grading, Nonreductionist Grading, Single-Impression Scoring) Holistic Rubrics Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Third Edition (KTEA-3) Mastery-Based Grading Mastery Measurement National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) Norms-Referenced Assessments Peabody Individual Achievement Test-Revised/Normative Update (PIAT-R/NU) Peer Assessment Performance Assessment (Performance-Based Assessment; Alternative Assessment; Authentic Assessment) Performance Indicators Portfolio Assessments Proficiency Proficiency-Based Learning Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) Progress Monitoring (Frequent Progress Monitoring) Progress Tests Progressive Assessment Readiness Test Rubrics Self-Assessment Standards-Based Assessments (Standardized Examinations) Student Growth Measure Summative Assessments Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) Value-Added Measures (Growth Measures; Value-Added Scores) Volvo Effect Washback Effect Wide Range Achievement Test, Fifth Edition (WRAT5) Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Achievement, Fourth Edition (WJ IV ACH) Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, Second Edition (WIAT-II)
Association-Making Metaphor		Association Psychology Associationism Associative Psychology Law of Frequency Laws of Association Mental Mechanics (Mental Physics) Object Learning Relational Learning
Association-Making Strategies
Associative Learning	Associationistic Learning Theory	Associative Shifting Associative Strength Associative Structure Disequilibrium Hypothesis Error Factory Reinforcement Theory
Associative Sequence Learning
Attainment Metaphor		Accelerated Learning (Acceleration; Radical Acceleration) Achievement Metaphor Action Plan Aligned Curriculum (Coherent Curriculum) Benchmark Fact Metaphor Horizontal Alignment (Horizontal Coherence; Horizontally Aligned Curriculum Learning Progression Learning Trajectory Pedagogy Peeragogy (Paragogy; Peer Learning; Peer Teaching; Peer to Peer Learning) Progress Metaphor Purposivism Vertical Alignment (Vertical Coherence; Vertically Aligned Curriculum)
Attribution Theory		Attribution Retraining Correspondent Inference Theory External Attributions (Interpersonal Attributions) Fundamental Attribution Error (Attribution Effect; Correspondence Bias) Internal Attributions (Intrapersonal Attributions) Lay Psychology (Naïve Analysis of Action; Naïve Psychology) Naïve Personality Theories (Implicit Personality Theories)
Authentic Education	Progressive Education Reform Education	Experientialism Flexible Classroom Flexible Learning Humanistic Education (Person-Centered Education) Speculative Pedagogies
Authentic Learning	Real-World Learning	Authentic Activities Authentic Pedagogy Developmentally Appropriate Practice Readiness Readiness Test School Readiness
Backward Design	Backward Mapping Backward Planning Tyler Rationale
Behavior Change Methods	Behavior Change Techniques	Behavior Change Wheel Behavior Change Theories Default Effect Designs for Behavior Change Extended Parallel Process Model Intervention Mapping Nudge Theory Protection Motivation Theory Psychological Determinants
Behavior Modification	Behavioral Engineering Behavior Modification Therapy	Classroom Behavior Modification Cognitive Behavior Modification Contingency Contract Corporal Punishment Counterconditioning Exposure Therapy Flooding (In Vivo Exposure Therapy) Group Contingency Poisonous Pedagogy (Black Pedagogy) Reversal Learning Systematic Desensitization (Graduated Exposure Therapy) Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT; Computerized CBT (CCBT); Simulation for Therapy (SfT); Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET); Virtual Reality Immersion Therapy (VRIT))
Behaviorisms	Behavioral Theory Conditioning Theory	Accidental Reinforcement (Adventitious Reinforcement) Acquired Response (Learned Response) Associative-Chain Theory (Associative Chaining Theory) Behavior Control Behavior Theory (General Behavior Theory) Black Box Centralism Chaining (Sequential Learning) Cognitive Behavior Theory (Cognitive Behaviorism) Conditioning Configural Learning Contingent Reinforcement Descriptive Behaviorism Emotion Control Epiphenomenalism (Conscious Automatism) Equipotentiality Factor Theory of Learning Involuntary Response Mathematical Learning Theory (Hull’s Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Learning) Neobehaviorism Noncontingent Reinforcement Objective Psychology Peripheralism (Peripheralistic Psychology) Primary Reinforcer Reinforcement Theory Relativity Theory of Reinforcement (Probability Differential Hypothesis; Premack Principle; Grandma’s Rule) Response Chain (S–R Chain; Stimulus–Response Chain) S–O Association S–O–R Psychology (Stimulus–Organism–Response Psychology) S-R Learning (Stimulus–Response Learning) S–R Psychology (S–R Theory; Stimulus–Response Psychology) S-R-O Learning (Stimulus–Response–Outcome Learning) S–(R–O) Model (Stimulus–(Response–Outcome) Model) S-S Learning (Stimulus–Stimulus Learning; Stimulus Substitution Theory) S–S Psychology (Stimulus–Stimulus Learning Model) Secondary Reinforcer Stimulus–Response Association (Stimulus–Response Association; S-R Bond) Thought Control Two-Factor Theory of Learning Vicarious Reinforcement/Punishment Voluntary Response
Blended Learning	Blended Model Hybrid Learning Mixed eLearning Mixed-Mode Learning Technology-Mediated Instruction Web-Enhanced Instruction	HyFlex Learning In-Person Learning Mixed Reality Learning Seamless Learning Sync Teaching (Second Screen Learning) Synchronous Learning (Real-Time Learning; Sync Learning)
Bloom’s Taxonomy	Taxonomy of Educational Objectives	Affective Domain of Learning Affective Education Bloom’s Twist Cognitive Domain of Learning Cold Cognition Hot Cognition Psychomotor Domain of Learning Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy
Brain-as-Computer Discourses	Computational Metaphor	Acoustic Encoding Cognitive Modifiability (Cognitive Plasticity) Encoding Encoding Specificity Hypothesis Gustatory Encoding Information Hypothesis Input-Process-Output Model Mentalese (Language of Thought; Thought-Ordered Mental Expression) Olfactory Encoding Sandwich Model of Cognition Tactile Encoding Two-Store Memory Model of Information Processing (Dual-Memory Model of Information Processing) Visual Encoding
Brain-Based Learning	Brain-Based Education Brain-Based Teaching Neurolism Whole-Brain Teaching	Activate Active Processing Brain Training (Brain Exercise) Dual-Task Training (Neuromotor Exercise) Mozart Effect Neurolearning Orchestrated Immersion Relaxed Alertness 10% Myth (Ten Percent Myth)
Case-Based Learning	Case Method Case Study Method Goal-Based Scenarios Scenario-Based Learning	Business Game (Business-Simulation Game; Management-Simulation Game) Conference Method Event-Based Learning Jurisprudential Teaching Model Scenario Analysis
Categorization Strategies	Categorical Learning Categorization Styles Category Learning	Basic-Level Category (Basic Category; Natural Category) Classical Categorization (Categorical Classification; Nominal Classification; Similarity Classification; Taxonomic Classification) Categorical Perception Abstract Thinking (Categorical Thought) Categories of Thought Exemplar Theory (Instance Theory) Family Resemblance Narrative-Based Clustering Prototype Theory Subordinate Category Superordinate Category
Challenge-Based Learning
Change		Theory of Change (Theories of Change; ToC) Transition Management
Change Management		Adaptive Management ADKAR® Model of Change Management Attribution Theory of Leadership Behavioral Leadership Theories Bridges Transition Model Change Curve (Kübler-Ross Change Management Framework) Change Grid Change Leadership Cognitive Leadership Theories Cognitive Resource Theory Conspiracy of Convenience Contingency Leadership Theories Critical Management Studies Educational Change 8-Step Process for Leading Change (Kotter’s Model of Change Management) Human Relations Theory Implicit Leadership Theories Leader Categorization Theory Leadership Theories Lewin’s Model of Change (Lewin’s Change Management Model; 3-Step Change Management Model) Management by Objectives (Management by Planning) Management Development Maurer 3 Levels of Resistance and Change Model Needs Assessment Organizational Change Management Organization Development (Organizational Change; Organizational Development) Participative Leadership Theories (Participatory Leadership) Path–Goal Theory Performance Review (Performance Appraisal; Performance Assessment; Performance Evaluation) Person-Needs Analysis Personnel Training (Employee Training) Plan–Do–Check–Act Cycle (Deming Cycle; PDCA Model) Postmodern Leadership Satir Change Model (Satir Growth Model) Scientific Management (Taylorism) Servant Leadership 7-S Framework (McKinsey 7-S Model) Situational Leadership Theory Solutioneering Substitutes for Leadership Theory (Leadership Substitutes) SWOT Analysis (SWOT Matrix; TOWS; WOTS-Up) Theory U Trait Leadership Theories Ubuntu
Choice Learning	Choice Theory	Behavioral Decision Theory (Behavioral Decision-Making Theory) Behaviorial Economics Behavioral Reasoning Theory Boss Management Decision Sciences Decision Theory (Theory of Choice) Descriptive Decision Theory Flexible Learning Garbage Can Theory (Anarchic View of Decision Making; Garbage Can Model; Garbage Can Process) Lead Management Logic of Appropriateness Macrocognition Microcognition Naturalistic Decision-Making Normative Decision Theory Prescriptive Decision Theory Prospect Theory Recognition-Primed Decision Regret Theory Regulatory Focus Theory Risk-as-Feelings Theory Sequential Choice Simultaneous Choice Student-Directed Teaching Subjective Expected Utility Utility Theory
Chunking		Chunking Theory Data Chunking Template Theory of Expertise
Classical Conditioning	Pavlovian Conditioning Pavlovian Learning Respondent Conditioning Type I Conditioning Type S Conditioning	Ambiguous Stimulus Associative Bias Autonomic Learning Conditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus Habit (S–R Habit) Habit-Family Hierarchy (Response Hierarchy) Higher-Order Conditioning (Second-Order Conditioning) Intervening Variables Irradiation Theory of Learning Neutral Stimulus S-S Learning (Stimulus–Stimulus Learning; Stimulus Substitution Theory) Sensory Preconditioning Two-Term Contingency Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Stimulus
Classroom Management	Instructional Management	Assertive Discipline (Canter’s Theory of Assertive Discipline) Behavior Management Classroom Behavior Modification Classroom Management Software Congruent Communication Theory (Ginott’s Method) Democratic Classrooms Good Behavior Game Kounins Theory of Classroom Management Natural Consequences (Logical Consequences) Non-Adversarial Method (Fred Jones Theory) Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports Positive Discipline Pragmatic Method (Dreikur’s Classroom Management Theory) Principle of Proportionality Progressive Discipline Reality and Choice Reciprocal Punishment Responsible Thinking Process Responsive Classroom Restorative Practices Sponge Activity Student-Directed Learning Theory Teacher Effectiveness Training Token Economy Classroom Tootling Unconditional Positive Regard Wait Time
Cognitive Apprenticeship		Articulation Coaching Distributed Scaffolding Elaborative Interrogation Exploration Inquiry Teaching Instructional Scaffolding Modeling Reflection
Cognitive Architecture		ACT-R (Adaptive Control of Thought – Rational) CLARION Copycat DeepMind GPS (General Problem Solver) Society of Mind Soar Subsumption Robotic Architectures Unified Theory of Cognition
Cognitive Attractor Theory		Empirical-Rational Strategy Normative-Reeducative Strategy Power-Coercive Strategy
Cognitive Bias		Anchoring Effect Approximation Bias Cognitive Bias Codex Barnum Effect (Forer Effect) Confirmation Bias Curse of Knowledge (Curse of Expertise) Dunning–Kruger Effect (Overconfidence Effect) Hawthorne Effect Heuristic (Cognitive Heuristic; Heuristic Technique) Illusion of Knowing Illusory Superiority (Above-Average Effect; Lake Wobegon Effect; Leniency Error; Primus Inter Pares Effect; Sense of Relative Superiority; Superiority Bias) Implicit Bias (Implicit Stereotype; Implicit Theory; Unconscious Bias) Impostor Syndrome (Impostor Phenomenon; Impostorism) Inductive Bias Training-in-Bias Techniques (Implicit Bias Training; Unconscious Bias Training) Training-in-Rules Techniques
Cognitive Biology		Anthropocentrism (Human Exceptionalism; Human Supremacy; Humanocentrism) Anti-Speciesist Pedagogy Biocentrism Biospherical Egalitarianism Ecocentrism Humaniqueness Neohumanism Radical Environmentalism Sentiocentrism (Sentientism) Speciesism
Cognitive Developmentalisms	Cognitive Developmental Theories Theories of Cognitive Development	Abstract Thinking (Categorical Thought) Achieving Stage Acquisitive Stage Categorization (Classification) Centration Closed Skill Cognitive Complexity and Control Theory (CCC Theory) Cognitive Tools Theory Collective Monologue (Pseudoconversation) Concrete Thinking Concrete Operational Stage of Development Conservation Décalage Decentration Dynamic Skill Theory (Skill Theory) Executive Stage Formal Operational Stage of Development General Theory of Development Hierarchical Complexity Theory Horizontal Décalage Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning Imaginative Education (ImaginEd) Intellectual Development Theory Magical Thinking Mental Combination (Invention of New Means through Mental Combination) Montessori’s Four Planes of Development Neo-Piagetian Theories of Cognitive Development Object Permanence Open Skill Pascual-Leone’s Neo-Piagetian Model Perry’s Stages of Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development Postformal Operations Precausal Thinking Preoperational Stage of Development Reintegrative Stage Relational Complexity Theory Responsible Stage Role-Taking Theory (Developmental Theory of Role-Taking Ability; Social Perspective Taking) Schaie’s Stages of Cognitive Development (Shaie’s Stages of Adult Cognitive Development) Sensorimotor Stage of Development Stage Theory of Cognitive Development (Piaget’s Model of Cognitive Development) States Symbolic Function (Semiotic Function) Transformations Vertical Décalage Women’s Ways of Knowing (Women’s Development Theory)
Cognitive Dissonance Theory	Cognitive Conflict Cognitive Disequilibrium Dissonance Reduction Theory	Action-Based Model Aporia Balance Theory (Cognitive Balance Theory) Bolstering of an Attitude Cognitive Consistency Theory Cognitive Consonance Cognitive Friction Congruity Theory Control Theory (in Psychology) Dissonance Reduction Forced Compliance Effect (Induced Compliance Effect) New-Look Theory Self-Affirmation Theory Self-Consistency Perspective of Cognitive Dissonance Theory Self-Standards Model Structured Design for Attitudinal Instruction
Cognitive Evaluation Theory		Motivational Crowding Theory
Cognitive Flexibility Theory		Reductive Bias Random Access Instruction
Cognitive Load Theory	Mental Load	Attention Overload Cognitive Overload Communication Overload Environmental Load Theory Information Overload Overload Redundancy Effect Sensory Overload Stimulus Overload Underload
Cognitive Modeling	Human–Computer Interaction	Bayesian Model (Bayesian Cognitive Science) Cognitive Ergonomics Communication Ergonomics CPM-GOMS (Cognitive Perceptual Motor GOMS and Critical Path Method GOMS) Cultural Ergonomics Diffusion Model Engineering Psychology (Human Factors Engineering) Ergonomics (Human Factors) GOMS (Goals, Operators, Methods, Selection Rules) Human Engineering Human Factors Psychology Human Processor Model Human Systems Integration Industrial Ergonomics KLM-GOMS (Keystroke-Level Model) Macroergonomics (Work System) Microergonomics NGOMSL (Natural GOMS Language) Occupational Ergonomics Predictive Brain Sociotechnical Systems Approach Systems Engineering
Cognitive Motivation Theories		Challenge Cognitive Dissonance Theory Cognitive Evaluation Theory Curiosity Disposition Equity Theory Expectancy Expectancy Theory (Goal-Expectation Theory) Expectancy–Value Theory Flow Goal-Setting Theory (Goal Theory; Locke’s Theory of Goal Setting) Individual Psychology (Adlerian Psychology) Instrumentality Theory Intelligence Compensation Theory Interest Intrinsically Motivating Instruction Job-Characteristics Model Metacognition Mindset MODE Theory (Motivation and Opportunity as Determinants Theory) Perceived Behavioral Control Personal Interests Porter–Lawler Model of Motivation Positive Psychology Productive Disposition Self-Efficacy Situational Interest Striving for Superiority Temporal Construal Theory (Construal Level Theory) Temporal Motivation Theory Theory of Personal Investment Theory of Planned Behavior Theory of Reasoned Action Threat Two-Factor Theory [of Role Satisfaction] Valence Theory Valence–Instrumentality–Expectancy Theory
Cognitive Processes		Action Orientation Attention Regulation Cognitive Resource Theory Controlled Attention (Attentional Control; Directed Attention; Executive Attention; Selective Attention) Crystalized Intelligence (Crystallized Abilities) Executive Functions (Central Processes; Cognitive Control; Control Processes; Executive Control; Higher Order Processes) Fast Mapping Feature Analysis Theory (Detection Theory; Feature Detection Theory; Human Feature Learning; Signal Detection Theory) Feature Integration Theory Fluid Intelligence (Fluid Abilities) General Intelligence Inhibitory Control (Response Inhibition) Metacognition Pattern Recognition Planning Processing Speed Prototype Matching Theory State Orientation Sustained Attention Template Matching Theory Working Memory (Active Memory)
Cognitive Psychology		Inspiration Psychophysics (Psychophysical Law; Psychophysical Relationship)
Cognitive Robotics	Artificial Cognitive Systems Cognitive Technology Developmental Robotics Epigenetic Robotics Humanoid Robotics Neuro-Robotics Robot Learning	Evolutionary Robotics
Cognitive Science	Cognitive Sciences	Attention Attenuation Theory Awareness Coconsciousness Cognitive Unconscious Cognitive Anthropology Conscious Intention Consciousness Consciousness Studies Cultural Cognition Dimensions of Consciousness Double-Aspect Theory Embodied Cognitive Science Emotional Unconscious Filter Theory (of Attention) Global Workspace Theory Hard Problem Intention Involuntary Attention (Exogenous Attention) Lantern Consciousness Machine Consciousness (Artificial Consciousness) Mind–Body Problem (Body–Mind Problem; Mind Control) Multiple Drafts Theory Neuroception Perception Philosophy of Mind Postvoluntary Attention (Effortless Attention) Primary Attention (Passive Attention; Reflex Attention) Psychophysiology (Physiological Psychology) Science of Learning Secondary Attention (Active Attention) Sensation Sensory Psychophysiology Spotlight Consciousness Stroop Effect Subception (Subliminal Perception ) Supraliminal Perception Threshold of Consciousness Unconscious Cognition Unconscious Context Unconscious Intention Unity of Consciousness Voluntary Attention (Endogenous Attention) Wakefulness
Cognitive Semiotics
Cognitive Styles Theories	Cognitive Abilities Theories Cognitive Skills Theories Thinking Styles	Adaption–Innovation Theory Assimilator–Explorer Style Brain Typing Cognitive Style Analysis Cognitive Style Delineator Cognitive Style Index Concrete Attitude vs. Abstract Attitude (Categorical Attitude) Forté Communication Style Profile 4MAT System Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument (Whole Brain® Thinking) Hill’s Cognitive Style Inventory Hudson’s Converger–Diverger Construct Impulsivity–Reflexivity (Cognitive Tempo; Response Tempo) Left-Brain/Right-Brain Theory (Hemispheric Dominance; Lateral Dominance) Mental Self-Government Visual Thinking (Visual–Spatial Learning; Picture Thinking; Real-Picture Thinking) Whole-Brain Human Information Processing
Cognitivism	Cognitive Theory	Aristotle’s Logic (Syllogism) Boolean Algebra Cognitive Map Control of Action Model (Attentional Control of Action; Norman and Shallice Model) Environmental Cognition Laws of Thought Mental Map Spatial Cognition
Coherence Discourses	Coherentist Theories of Epistemic Justification Coherence Theories of Truth Coherentism	Attunement Cognitive Slippage Coherence Disintegration Disorganization Fragmentation Integration Loosening of Associations (Cognitive Derailment; Derailment; Thought Derailment) New Sciences Non-Representationalisms Personality Disintegration Processism (Ontology of Becoming; Process Philosophy) Resonance
Collaborative Learning		Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Online Collaborative Learning Theory
Collective Intelligence		Collaboratory Crowdsourcing Digital Collaboration Groupware Hive Mind Human-Based Computation Jury Theorems Knowledge Ecosystem Open-Source Software Development Opinion Aggregation Organismic Computing Peer Production (Mass Collaboration) Shared Mental Model (Team Mental Model) Smart Mob Social Bookmarking Swarm Intelligence Thought Collective Wiki
Collectivist Learning Theories		Individualism Collectivism Collective Entity
Commognition
Common Coding Theory		Neural Coding
Communal Constructivism
Communication Theory	Information Transmission	Amplification Hypothesis Channels of Communication Communication Network Compliance (Normative Behavior; Normative Conformity) Conduit Metaphor (Conduit Model of Communication) Conversion Theory (Conversion Theory of Minor Influence; Minority Influence) Downward Communication Dual Process Model of Persuasion Elaboration Likelihood Model Expectancy Violations Theory Helical Model of Communication (Dance’s Helix Model) Heuristic Processing Heuristic-Systematic Model Horizontal Communication (Lateral Communication) Identification Information Manipulation Theory Internalization Interpersonal Gap Laswell’s Model of Communication Message-Learning Approach (Hovland Model; Yale Attitude Change Approach; Yale Model) Osgood–Schramm Model of Communication Persuasion Theory (Persuasion; Persuasion Arts) Social Impact Theory Social Influence Theory Social Judgment Theory Social Meaning Model Subliminal Persuasion Systematic Processing Weapons of Influence Upward Communication
Communities Theories		Community of Action Community of Circumstance Community of Inquiry Community of Interest (Interest-Based Community) Community of Place (Place-Based Community; Spatial Community) Community of Position Community of Practice Community of Purpose Community Psychology Instructional Rounds Knowledge Community Learning Community Network of Practice Professional Learning Community Virtual Community of Practice
Community of Practice		Body of Knowledge Distributed Leadership Duality Landscape of Practice
Competency-Based Learning	Ability-Based Learning Competency-Based Education Competency Education
Complex Instruction
Complex Systems Research	Complex Adaptive Systems Complexity Complexity Theory/Thinking/Science Dynamical Systems Theory General Systems Theory Generative Science Self-Organization Theory Systems Systems Research Systems Science Systems Thinking/Theory	Adaptive Capacity Agent-Based Modeling (Individual-Based Modeling) Antifragility Awareness-Based Systems Change (Awareness-Based Change) Butterfly Effect Catastrophe Theory Centrality Centralized Network Chaos Theory Critical Juncture Theory Decentralized Network Distributed Network Dynamic Networks (Adaptive Networks) Fractal Fragmented Network Holobiont Multi-Agent System (Multi-Agent Simulation) Network Theory Power Law Distribution Relational Systems Thinking Scale Invariance (Scale Independence) Scale-Free Network Self-Organization (Self-Organized Criticality) Self-Similarity Small-World Network Superorganism (Supraorganism) Systems Biology Systems Philosophy Systems Sensing Tipping Point World-Systems Theory (World-Systems Analysis; World-Systems Perspective; World System Paradigm)
Component Display Theory		Constructivist Instructional Design Instructional Transaction Theory Merrill’s First Principles of Instruction
Computational Cognition	Computational Cognitive Science Computational Psychology	Bayesian Model (Bayesian Cognitive Science) Computation Theory (Theory of Computation)
Computationalism	Computational Theory of Mind
Conceptual Blending Theory	Conceptual Integration Theory
Conceptual Change		Arbitrary Concept Concept Formation (Concept Learning) Correlational Features Defining Features Features (Attributes) Irrelevant Features Necessary Percept Schema Sequential Presentation Simultaneous Presentation
Conceptual Metaphor Theory	Cognitive Metaphor Theory	Embodiment Image Schema Literalization (Dead Metaphor) Metaphor Metaphorical Framing Reification (Concretism; Hypostatization; Objectification)
Conditions of Learning	Conditions for Learning Gagne-Briggs Conditions for Learning
Connectionism (of Behaviorisms)	S-R (Bond) Theory Stimulus-Response Theory	Freedom Principle Intensity Principle Just-in-Time Law of Effect (Strong Law of Effect) Law of Exercise Law of Readiness Law of Requirements Laws of Learning Primacy Principle (Primacy Effect) Readiness Principle Recency Principle (Recency Effect) Single-Event Learning Stimulus–Response Association (Stimulus–Response Association; S-R Bond) Weak Law of Effect
Connectionism (of Cognitive Science)	Connectionist Model	Network-Memory Model (Neural Network Model of Information Retrieval) Spreading Activation
Connectivism
Conscious Competence Model of Learning	Conscious Competence Ladder/Matrix/Model Four Stages of Competence/Learning Ladder of Learning Learning Matrix	Aha! Moment (Aha Experience; Aha Reaction; Eureka Effect; Eureka Moment) Conscious Competence Conscious Incompetence Eureka Task Inspiration Sudden Insight Unconscious Competence Unconscious Incompetence
Consequential Educational Practices
Construction Metaphor	Cognitive Constructivism Naïve Constructivism Trivial Constructivism	Endogenous Constructivism Exogenous Constructivism Noegenesis (Noegenetic Cognitive Laws)
Constructionism		Educational Robotics
Constructionist Gaming
Constructive-Developmental Theory	Subject-Object Theory	Brahmavihārās (Divine Abodes; Four Illimitables; Four Immeasurables; Four Infinite Minds; Four Sublime States [of Mind]; Four Sublime Virtues; Modes of Sublime Conduct) Ego Development Theory (Loevinger’s Stages of Ego Development) Emergent Cyclical Theory Five Structures of Consciousness Impulsive Mind (1st Order Consciousness) Instrumental Mind (2nd Order Consciousness) Karuṇā Mettā (Maitrī) Muditā Socialized Mind (3rd Order Consciousness) Self-Authoring Mind (4th Order Consciousness) Self-Transforming Mind (5th Order Consciousness) Spiral Dynamics Stages of Ego Development Stages of Faith Subject-Object Interview Upekkhā (Upekṣā)
Contiguity Theory	Law of Contiguity One-Trial Learning	Association by Contiguity (Contiguity of Association) Context Theory of Meaning Fatigue Method Incompatible Response Method Recency Principle (Recency Effect) Threshold Method
Conversation Theory		Holistic Learning Serialist Learning Teachback Versatile Learning
Cooperative Learning		Active Knowledge Sharing Base Group Commitment Theories of Cooperation (Theory of) Competition and Cooperation Competitive Reward Structure Cooperative Graffiti Cooperative Note-Taking Pairs Cooperative Reward Structure Focused Listing Forced Debate Guided Peer Questioning (Guided Reciprocal Peer Questioning) Individualistic Reward Structure Interdependence Theory (Social Interdependence Theory) Jigsaw Numbered Heads Together Pair Thinking Aloud Problem Solving PIGS Round Robin Scripted Cooperation Send a Problem Snowball Structural Theories of Cooperation Structure–Process–Outcome Theory (Donabedian Model) Structuring Academic Controversy Talking Chips Team-Pair-Solo Teammates Consult Think-Pair-Share Three-Step Interview
Correspondence Discourses	Correspondence Theories of Truth	Behavioral Objectives Dualism (Cartesian Dualism; Psychophysical Dualism) Ghost in the Machine Learning Goals (Learning Outcomes) Learning Objectives Learning Objects (Content Objects; Digital Objects; Educational Objects; Information Objects; Intelligent Objects; Knowledge Bits; Knowledge Objects; Learning Components; Media Objects; Reusable Curriculum Components; Reusable Information Objects; Reusable Learning Objects; Testable Reusable Units of Cognition; Training Components; Units of Learning) Literalization (Dead Metaphor) Logical Atomism Mechanistic Theory (Mechanical Concept of Mind; Mechanistic Approach; Mechanical-Man Concept) Mind–Body Problem (Body–Mind Problem; Mind Control) Mind-Brain Identity Theory Parallelism Performance Objectives Problems of Interaction (Mental Causation) Reification (Concretism; Hypostatization; Objectification) Replacement Theory
Creativity Discourses	Imaginative Learning Inventiveness	Associative Thinking Bisociation Certification Theory of Intelligence and Creativity Computational Creativity (Artificial Creativity; Creative Computation; Creative Computing; Mechanical Creativity) Convergent and Divergent Production CoRT Thinking Creative Dramatics Creativity Quotient Cross-Activation Theory Dialectical Theory of Creativity Direct Attention Thinking Tools (DATT) Disinhibited Feedback Theory Exceptional Creativity (Creative Genius) Five-Stage Model of Creativity Five-Stage Model of the Creative Process Four-C Model of Creativity Four Ps Gleneplore Model of Creativity Honing Theory of Creativity Interference Theory of Intelligence and Creativity Investment Theory of Creativity Lateral Thinking Osborne–Parnes Creative Problem-Solving Model (CPS Model) Ordinary Creativity (Everyday Creativity) Parallel Thinking Propulsion Theory of Creativity Remote Associates Test Six Thinking Hats Social-Personality Approach to Creativity Synectics Synesthesia (Synaesthesia) Theory of Inventive Problem Solving Threshold Hypothesis of Intelligence and Creativity Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking Water Logic
Critical Pedagogy	Crit Ped Critical Education Liberation Pedagogy Liberatory Pedagogy	Abolitionist Pedagogy (Abolitionist Teaching) Anti-Bias Education (Anti-Bias Curriculum) Brainwashing (Coercive Persuasion; Menticide; Mind Control; Re-Education; Thought Reform) Conscientization (Critical Consciousness; Consciousness Raising) Critical Literacy Critical Theory Democratization of Knowledge Deprogramming Equity Pedagogy False Consciousness Hauntological Pedagogy Historical Thinking Liberation Psychology (Liberation Social Psychology) Problem-Posing Education Radical Hope Wide-Awakeness Woke
Critical Realism		Anti-Realism
Crowd Psychology	Mass Psychology Mob Psychology	Bandwagon Effect Behavioral Contagion (Behavior Contagion) Collective Behavior Collective Hysteria (Epidemic Hysteria; Group Hysteria; Mass Hysteria) Collective Narcissism Communal Reinforcement Conformity Convergence Theory Crowd Manipulation Deindividuation Theory Diffusion of Responsibility Disrupt-then-Reframe Technique Door-in-the-Face Technique Echo Chamber (Echo Chamber Effect) Emergent Norm Theory Foot-in-the-Door Technique Group Behavior Group Fallacy Group Mind (Collective Consciousness; Collective Mind; Crowd Mind; Group Consciousness) Group Relations Theory Groupshift Groupthink Herd Behavior Herd Instinct Herd Mentality (Gang Mentality; Mob Mentality; Pack Mentality) Hipster Effect (Anti-Conformist Effect) Homophily Inner-Directedness Low-Ball Technique Other-Directedness (Outer-Directedness) Peer Pressure (Social Pressure) Shared Psychosis (folie à millions) Social Contagion (Mass Contagion) Social Matching Effect Social Proof Socialized Delinquency (Subcultural Delinquency) Sociocentrism System Justification That’s-Not-All Technique Tradition-Directedness
Cultural Learning	Cultural Transmission	Chain Reproduction Cliodynamics Collaborative Learning Cultural Accommodation Theory Cultural Epoch Theory Cultural Evolution Developmental Systems Approach (Developmental Contextual Model) Dual Inheritance Theory Imitative Learning Instructed Learning Inventionism Primary Knowledge / Secondary Knowledge (Primary Learning / Secondary Learning)
Cultural Psychology		Acculturation Strategies Cross-Cultural Psychology Ethnic Psychology (Ethnopsychology; Racial and Ethnic Minority Psychology) Integration Strategy Marginalization Multicultural Psychology Separation Strategy
Cultural-Historical Activity Theory	Activity Systems Theory	Activity Systems Analysis Change Laboratory
Cultural-Historical Psychology
Cybernetic-Systems Discourses		Cybernetic Epistemology Informatics
Cybernetics		Biocybernetics Cyber-Utopianism (Digital Utopianism; Utopian Internet; Web-Utopianism) Feedback Loop Flourishing Cybernetics Information Science (Information Studies) Information Theory Management Cybernetics Negative Feedback (Balancing Feedback) Positive Feedback (Exacerbating Feedback; Self-Reinforcing Feedback) Psycho-Cybernetics Technocentrism Technogaianism Technological Solutionism (Solutionism) Technological Utopianism (Techno-Utopianism) Vicious Circle (Vicious Cycle) Virtuous Circle (Virtuous Cycle)
Decolonizing Education		Afrocentric Education Ambivalence Anticolonialism Colonial Discourse Theory Critical Indigenous Theory Decolonization (Decoloniality; Decolonial Theory) Decolonizing the Curriculum Double Consciousness Grammar of Animacy Horizontal Violence (Lateral Violence) Hybridity Indigegogy Indigenous Epistemologies (Aboriginal Epistemologies) Indigenous Theory Indigenization (Indigenizing the Academy; Indigenizing the Curriculum) Intergenerational Trauma Land-Based Education/Learning/Pedagogy (Indigenous Land-Based Education/Learning; Land-Based Treatment/Healing) Mimicry Oral Culture (Oral Lore; Oral Tradition) Orality Postcolonialism Primary Orality Secondary Orality Third Space (Third Space of Enunciation; The In-Between) Traditional Ecological Knowledge Transgenerational Trauma Two-Eyed Seeing (Etuaptmumk)
Deep Ecology	Ecophilosophy Ecosophy	Animalism Biophilia Biophilia Hypothesis Deep Adaptation Earth Education Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnoecology Ethnozoology (Anthrozoology; Human–Nonhuman-Animal Studies) Interbeing
Deep Learning		Active Learning Deep Active Learning Few-Shot Learning (Low-Shot Learning) One-Shot Learning
Deep vs. Surface Learning	Conceptual vs. Procedural Knowledge Relational vs. Instrumental Understanding	Algorithm Balanced Literacy Balanced Math Comprehension Conceptual Knowledge (Abstract Learning; Conceptual Learning; Conceptual Understanding) Deep Active Learning Figurative Knowledge Gist Learning Heuristic (Cognitive Heuristic; Heuristic Technique) Inert Knowledge Instrumental Understanding Math Wars Operative Knowledge Procedural Knowledge (Procedural Learning; Procedural Understanding; Skill Learning) Reading Wars Relational Understanding Understanding Whole Language
Deeper Learning	21st Century Learning 21st Century Skills Deep Learning Non-Cognitive Skills Transversal Skills	Changemaking Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (Knowledge, Attributes, Skills, and Experience [KASE]; Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and Other Characteristics [KSAOs]; Knowledge, Skills, and Attributes [KSAs]) Social Innovation Education (Education for Social Innovation; Socially Innovative Education)
Democratic Citizenship Education		Citizenship Education (Citizenship; Civics; Education for Democratic Citizenship) Contractualism Critical Reconstructionism (Reconstructionism) Democratic Education Digital Citizenship Digitality (Digitalism) Digitalization Group Cohesiveness (Group Cohesion; Social Cohesion) Multicultural Education Netizen Reconstructivism Social Contract Theory Social Reconstructionism
Design Thinking		Activity-Centered Design Aligned Design Architectural Psychology (Design and Behavior) Cradle-to-Cradle Design (Cradle 2 Cradle, C2C, Regenerative Design, 2CC2) Development Cycle Double Diamond Model of Design Thinking Ecodesign (Ecological Design) Empathic Design Human-Centered Computing Human-Centered Design Human-Centered Systems Thinking Iterative Design Laurillard Conversational Framework Meta-Design Osborne–Parnes Creative Problem-Solving Model (CPS Model) Participatory Design (Cooperative Design; Co-Design) Personas Process-Centered Design User-Centered Design (User-Driven Development) Wicked Problem
Design-Based Learning		Interest-Driven Creator Theory
Determinisms		Behavioral Determinism Biological Determinism (Biologism; Genetic Determinism) Cultural Determinism Deterministic Psychology Environmental Determinism Hard Determinism Linguistic Determinism Mechanistic Theory (Mechanical Concept of Mind; Mechanistic Approach; Mechanical-Man Concept) Physical Determinism Psychological Determinism Reciprocity Norm Social Determinism Social Justice Norm Social Responsibility Norm Soft Determinism Statistical Determinism Technological Determinism
Developmental Discourses	Developmental Psychology Lifespan Psychology Stage Theories Structural Stages Theories	Character Development Child Development Early Childhood Education (Early Years Education; Early Experience) Growth Hurried Child (Hurried Child Syndrome) Maturational Lag Multistage Theory Pedology Personality Development Positive Adult Development Psychonomics Separation–Individuation
Dialogic Learning	Dialogical Learning	Convergent Conceptual Change (Collaborative Conceptual Change) Crosstalk (Cross-Talk) Dialectic (Dialectical Method; Minor Logic) Dialogism (Dialogic; Dialogue) Group Cognition Hermeneutic Pedagogy Learning Conversation (Conversational Learning) Reciprocal Teaching Transcendental Learning
Differentiated Instruction	Differentiated Learning Differentiated Task Structures Differentiation	Analogies, Metaphors, and Visual Representations Assessment Design Backward Planning Bloom’s Twist Choice Board (Learning Menu) Class Rules Classroom Layout and Design Concept Attainment Cubing Curriculum Mapping Differentiated Assessments Differentiated Teaching Double-Entry Journal and Essay Writing Goal Setting Graphic Organizers (Knowledge Map; Concept Map; Story Map; Cognitive Organizer; Concept Diagram) Grouping Hot Seat Identity Chart Jigsaw Layering (Layered Learning; Layered Curriculum) Learning Badges (Educational Badges) Learning Centers (Center-Based Learning) Learning Contracts Learning Feedback (Differentiated Feedback) Learning Model Integration (Integration of Learning Model) Learning Stations Model (Differentiated Stations; Learning Centers; Learning through Workstations; Station Rotation) Literacy Circles Place-Based Education (Pedagogy of Place; Community-Based Education; Place-Conscious Education) Reciprocal Teaching Rubrics Self-Differentiated Learning (Self-Differentiation) Tiered Learning Targets and Tasks Voice and Choice (Meaningful Voice and Choice)
Diffusion of Innovation Theory		Normalization Process Theory
DIKW Pyramid	Data Pyramid DIKW Hierarchy Information Hierarchy Knowledge Hierarchy Wisdom Hierarchy	Data (Raw Data) Disinformation Information Knowledge Misinformation Wisdom (Sagacity; Sapience)
Directive Pedagogies		Instruction
Discourses on Individual Learning in Group Settings		Active Listening Bansho (Board Writing) Co-Constructionism Cognitively Guided Instruction Collaborative Constructivism Collectivism Descriptive Norm Distraction-Conflict Theory (Distraction/Conflict Theory) Downloading Empathic Listening Engaged Learning Evaluative Listening Factual Listening Generative Listening Group Norm Hermeneutic Listening Individualism Injunctive Norm (Prescriptive Norm) Interpersonal Interpersonal Learning Group Interpretive Listening Intersubjective Kikan-Shidō (Teaching Between Desks) Lesson Study (Jugyō Kenkyū) Mistake-Based Learning (Failing Forward; Mistake-Driven Learning) Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Lessons (POGIL) Reality Pedagogy Reflective Listening Ringelmann Effect Social Convention Social Facilitation Theory Social Norm Stern Activation Theory (Generalized Drive Hypothesis)
Discourses on Learning Collectives		Computer-Supported Collaborative Work Conflict Management Critical Institutionalism Global Neo-Institutionalism (World Polity Theory; World Society Theory) Group Agency (Shared Agency) Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) Historical Institutionalism Indigenous Institutional Theory Institutional Logic Institutional Theory Institutional Work Morphic Field (Morphogenetic Resonance) Neo-Institutional Theory (Institutionalism; Neo-Institutionalism; New Institutionalism) Open System Theory Post-Institutionalism Prisoner’s Dilemma Rational Choice Institutionalism Sociological Institutionalism (Cultural Institutionalism; Sociological Neoinstitutionalism) Staffing Theory (Manning Theory) Team-Building Tragedy of the Commons Values Education
Discovery Learning		Discovery Metaphor Enhanced Discovery Learning Profoundness Metaphor Thinking Classrooms Unassisted Discovery Learning Vertical Non-Permanent Learning Surface
Distributed Cognition		Cognitive Artifacts Dynamic Network Theory Physical Artifacts Social Network Analysis Social Network Roles Technology
Domain-General Learning
Double-Loop Learning		Theory of Action Single-Loop Learning Triple-Loop Learning
Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition
Drives, Needs, & Desires Theories		Appetitive Behavior Behavioral Approach System Behavioral Inhibition System Behaviorisms Cognitive Dissonance Theory Conscious Formation Consummatory Behavior (Consummatory Act) Drive Drive Theory (Drive Doctrine; Theory of Drives) Drive-Induction Theory (Consummatory Response Theory of Reinforcement) Drive-Reduction Theory (Drive–Stimulus-Reduction Theory) Energization Theory (Motivational Intentional Theory) ERG Theory (Existence, Relatedness, and Growth Theory) Felt Need Fight–Flight–Freeze System Fulfillment Model Goal-Directed Behavior Hedonic Motivation (Hedonism) Hedonic Psychology High Need for Achievement (High nAch; High N-Achiever) Informational Influence (Informational Social Influence) Instinct Theory (Instinct Theory of Motivation) Ironic Mental Control (Ironic Monitoring Process) Low Need for Achievement (Low nAch; Low N-Achiever) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs McLelland’s Needs Theory (McLelland’s Human Motivation Theory; Need Theory; Three-Needs Theory) Murray’s Theory of Psychogenic Needs (Murray’s Need Theory) Mutual Reward Theory Need Need for Achievement (n-Ach) Need for Affiliation (n-Aff; nAff) Need for Approval Need for Competence Need for Power (n-Pow; nPow) Need Reduction (Need Gratification) Need–Press Theory Nonverbal Leakage Normative Influence (Normative Social Influence) Optimal Stimulation Theory (Optimal Arousal Theory; Optimal Stimulation Principle) Parapraxis (Freudian Slip; Parapraxia) Positive Reward Theory Primary Drive Psychoanalytic Theories Reactance Theory Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Reversal Theory Reverse Psychology Reward Theories Reward Theory of Attraction Secondary Drive (Acquired Drive) Self-Determination Theory Self-Worth Theory Situated Motivation 16 Basic Desires Theory Streisand Effect Symptomatic Act (Symbolic Action) Tend and Befriend Theory Three Needs Theory Unconscious Motivation Uses and Gratifications Theory Verbal Leakage
Dual Inheritance Theory	Biocultural Evolution Gene–Culture Coevolution
E-Learning	eLearning Electronic Learning Multimedia Learning	Augmented Learning Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (Multimodal Learning Theory) Coherence Principle Emotional Design Theory of Learning with Digital Media Image Principle Interactive Learning Microlearning (Byte-Sized Learning; Episodic Learning; On-Demand Learning) Modality Principle Multimedia Principle Nano Learning (Nano-Learning; Nanolearning) Offline Learning Online Learning Personalization Principle Pre-Training Principle Redundancy Principle Segmenting Principle Signaling Principle Social Agency Theory of Multimedia Learning (Mayer’s 12 Principles of Multimedia Learning) Spatial Contiguity Principle Temporal Contiguity Principle Voice Principle
Eco-Complexity Discourses
Ecological Discourses	Ecology	Architectural Psychology (Design and Behavior) Agroecology Attention Restoration Theory Behavioral Ecology Biocapacity (Earth’s Biocapacity) Cultural Ecology Ecological Anthropology Ecological Footprint Ecological Psychology Ecopsychology Ecospirituality (Ecological Spirituality) Environmental Psychology Human Ecology Information Ecology (Information Ecosystem) Person-in-Environment Psychology Political Ecology Social Ecology (Social Ecological Model) Socioecology (Socio-Ecological Theory) Spaceship Earth (Spacecraft Earth; Spacecraft Planet Earth) Spiritual Ecology Urban Ecology
Ecological Systems Theory	Bioecological Systems Theory Bronfenbrenner's Model Development in Context Ecological Framework for Human Development Ecological Theory of Development Ecosystemic Approach Human Ecology Theory	Chronosystem Developmental Systems Approach (Developmental Contextual Model) Exosystem Family Systems Theory (Bowen Family Systems Theory; Bowen Theory; Family Systems Model) Mesosystem Macrosystem Microsystem Transactional Model of Development
Ecopedagogy
Educational Management, Administration, and Leadership Discourses		Authentic Leadership (Front-Line Leadership) Authoritarian Leader (Autocratic Leader) Collaborative Distributed Leadership Collective Distributed Leadership Collegial Leadership (Interpersonal Leadership) Contingent Educational Leadership Coordinated Distributed Leadership Democratic Leader Distributed Leadership Educational Administration Educational Leadership (School Leadership) Educational Management Instructional Leadership Laissez-Faire Leader Leadership Styles Learning-Centered Leadership (Student-Centered Leadership) Management Fashion Management Styles Managerial Leadership Managerialism Transformational Leadership (Transformative Leadership) Values-Based Leadership (Ethical Leadership; Moral Leadership) Moral Confidence Leadership Positive School Leadership Spiritual Leadership System Leadership Teacher Leadership Transactional Leadership
Elaboration Theory
Embeddedness Discourses		Biosocial Theory Situativity Theory
Embodied Cognition	Embodied Embedded Cognition Embodied Mind Motor Cognition (not to be confused with Embodied Learning)	Comprehensive Learning (Everyday Learning) Dual Coding Theory (Dual-Coding Theory; Dual-Code Theory) Grounded Cognition Haptic Cognition (Haptic Perception) Proto-Learning and Deutero-Learning (Learning I and Learning II)
Embodied Learning		Body Activated Learning Brain Gym Cross Patterning Educational Kinesiology (Edu-K)
Embodiment Discourses		Enfleshment Satisficing
Emergent Complexity Discourses		Autopoiesis Cognitive Complexity Theory Emergence Emergent Evolution Emergentism Postdictable (Postdictability) Relational Paradigm
Empiricism	Evidentialism	Analytic Science Aristotelianism Baconian Method Consilience (Concordance of Evidence; Convergence of Evidence) Covering-Law Model (Deductive-Nomological Model; Hempel’s Model; Hempel–Oppenheim Model; Popper–Hempel Model) Demarcation Problem Epistemic Humility Eudemonism Evidence-Based (Data-Based; Research-Based; Scientific) Evidentialism (Evidentialist Epistemology) Falsifiability (Falsification; Refutability) Feminist Technoscience Hedonism Hedonistic Psychology Hypothetico-Deductive Method (Mathematico-Deductive Method) Idiographic Logical Empiricism Nomology Nomothetic Phenomenalism Pragmatism Probabilism Probabilistic Functionalism Pseudoscientific Quasiscientific Radical Empiricism Rules of Correspondence (Correspondence Rules) Science Studies Science, Technology, Society (Science and Technology Studies; STS; STSC) Scientific Method Scientific Pluralism Scientific Rationality State-Specific Science Technoscience Tektology Utilitarianism
Enactivism	Biology of Cognition Santiago Theory of Cognition	Action-Specific Perception (Perception-Action) Autonomous Autopoiesis Autopoietic Systems Theory of Social Communication (Theory of Autopoietic Social Systems) Co-Emergence (Structural Coupling) Co-Ontogenic Structural Drift Collectivist Perspectivism Consensual Coordination of Action Enabling Constraint Individualist Perspectivism (Individual Perpectivism) Joint Attention Languaging Living Educational Theory (Living Theory) Perceptual Cycle Hypothesis Perceptually Guided Action Perspectivism (Perspectivalism) Proscription Sensorimotor Theory of Perceptual Consciousness (Sensorimotor Contingency Theory) Structure Structure Determinism
Entertainment and Learning	Fun Learning	Edutainment (Educational Entertainment) Entertainment-Education Social Impact Entertainment
Epistemology	Epistemological Beliefs Naturalistic Epistemology	Affirmative Postmodernism Axiology (Theory of Value; Value Theory) Cognitive Justice Confucianism Constructivist Epistemology Crossdisciplinarity Dharma Disciplinarity Episteme Epistemic Agency Epistemic Cognition Epistemic Contextualism (Attributor Contextualism) Epistemic Empathy Epistemic Mistrust Epistemic Motivation Epistemic Self-Doubt (Self-Doubt) Epistemic Self-Esteem (Epistemic Confidence; Epistemic Self-Trust) Epistemic Trust Epistemicide Epistemological Holism (Confirmation Holism) Epistemological Pluralism (Epistemic Pluralism) Evolutionary Epistemology Feminist Epistemology Fictionalism Gnoseology (Gnosiology, Gnostology) Gnosis Indigenous Epistemologies (Aboriginal Epistemologies) Integral Theory Interdisciplinarity Interobjectivity Intersubjectivity Karma Logos Mathetics Metaepistemology Metaknowledge (Meta-Knowledge) Metalogic Metamodernism (Metamodernity) Metascience Metatheory (Meta-Theory) Multidisciplinarity Mythos Naturalized Epistemology Neuroepistemology Objectivity Operationalism Participatory Epistemology (Participatory Theory) Pluradisciplinarity (Integral Methodological Pluralism; Methodological Pluralism) Postepistemological Postmodern Epistemologies (Postmodernism) Pramāṇa Skeptical Postmodernism Social Epistemology Subjectivity Transdisciplinarity Ways of Knowing WEIRD Epistemologies
Expansive Learning
Experiential Education
Experiential Learning	Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory	Adventure Education Forest Kindergarten (Waldkindergarten) Forest School Hands-on Learning Outdoor Education (Outdoor Learning; Outdoor School; Wilderness Education) Wild Child
Expert–Novice		Adaptive Expertise (Flexible Expertise) Beginner’s Mind (Shoshin) Bootstrapping (Quinian Bootstrapping) Bottom-Up Learning Dual Process Theory (System 1/System 2 Thinking; Automatic System/Reflective System) Expertise (Classic Expertise; Routine Expertise; Technical Expertise) Implicit Learning Knowing-How / Knowing-That (Imperative, Performative, Practical, Procedural Knowledge versus Constative, Declarative, Descriptive, Propositional Knowledge) Knowledge by Acquaintance / Knowledge by Description Novice-to-Expert Methodology Tacit Knowledge/Explicit Knowledge (Implicit Knowledge/Explicit Knowledge; Unconscious Knowledge/Conscious Knowledge) Top-Down Learning Unthought Known
Expressive Constructivism		Critical Role Monitor Expressive Learning Paraphrasing Practice (Summarization) Self-Explanation (Think-Alouds) Self-Explanation Effect Thinking Aloud
Extended Cognition	4E Cognition Four-E Cognition Extended Mind	Embodied, Situated, and Distributed Cognition (ESDC) Wild Cognition
Extrinsic Motivation Discourses		Externalisms Incentive for Learning
Facilitation Theory	Facilitative Teaching	Four-Quadrant Model of Facilitated Learning Model Facilitated Learning Proactive Facilitation Retroactive Facilitation
Feminist Pedagogy		Cultural Feminism (Relational Feminism) Eco-Feminism I-Feminism (Individualist Feminism) Liberal Feminism Radical Feminism Socialist Feminism (Marxist Feminism)
Flex Model of Learning
Flipped Classroom		Flipped Mastery Learning
Flow
Folk Theories	Naïve Theories	Anomalistics Causal Theory of Learning (Causal Theory of Memory) Commonsense Psychology Deficit Model of the Learner Folk Psychology Fringe Science Junk Science Nativist Model of the Learner Pop Psychology (Popular Psychology) Protoscience Pseudoscientific Quasiscientific Strength Model of the Learner (Strength-Based Education; Strength-Based Teaching) Sufficiency Model of the Learner Urban Legend (Contemporary Legend) Zombie Theory (Zombie Idea)
Foundationalism		Antifoundationalism (Nonfoundationalism)
Functional Contextualism
Gaia Hypothesis	Gaia Principle Gaia Theory	Earth System Science Global Studies (Global Affairs) Mineral Evolution Systems Ecology
Games and Learning	Gaming	Cooperative Game Theory (Coalitional Game Theory) Educational Games Evolutionary Game Theory Games for Change Game-Based Learning Game Theory Iterated Game Theory Learning Game Theory Network Game Theory Non-Cooperative Game Theory Reacting Games Serious Games (Applied Games) Spatial Game Theory (Evolutionary Spatial Game Theory) Teaching Games Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU)
Gamification	Game Reward Systems Gamification of Learning
Generational Theory	Generational Change Theory Generational Demographics	Baby Boomers (Me Generation) Digital Divide Digital Immigrants Digital Natives Generation Alpha (Gen Alpha) Generation Gap (Generational Gap) Generation Jones Generation X (Gen X; Latchkey Generation; MTV Generation; Baby Bust Generation) Generation Z (Gen Z, iGeneration, Post-Millennials, Homeland Generation; Zoomers) Generationism Geriatric Millennials Greatest Generation (G.I. Generation) Impulse Hypothesis (Hans Jaeger, 1980s) Intergenerationality (Inter-Generational Contract) Lost Generation Millennials (Generation Y; Gen Y; Gen Me; Gen We; Echo Boomers) Next-Gens Pulse-Rate Hypothesis Silent Generation (Lucky Few Generation) Strauss–Howe Generational Theory (Fourth Turning Theory) Theory of Generations (Sociology of Generations) TikTok Generation Transgenerational Design Xennials (Oregon Trail Generation) Zombie Generation
Genetic Epistemology	Piagetian Constructivism	Accommodation APOS Theory Assimilation Developmental Teaching Model Equilibration Interiorization Stage Theory of Cognitive Development (Piaget’s Model of Cognitive Development) Piagetian Program Piagetian Theory Reflective Abstraction
Gestaltism	Gestalt Psychology	Closure Common Direction Common Region Continuity Divided Brain Theory Field Theory of Learning (Topological Psychology; Topological and Vector Psychology) Figure–Ground Relationship Focal Point Holism Holistic Education (Helping Model) Holistic Psychology Law of Pragnanz Logical Holism Organismic Psychology Part–Whole Problem Perceptual Field Perceptual Organization Practical Holism Productive Thinking Proximity Reorganization Principle Similarity Simplicity Theoretical Holism
Global Brain Hypothesis
Grit		Grit Scale Persistence (Perseverance) Resilience Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) Temperament and Character Inventory
Group Development Theories		Fisher’s Theory of Decision Emergence Gersick’s Punctuated Equilibrium Model Hackman’s Multilevel Perspective Interthinking McGrath’s Time, Interaction, and Performance Theory Poole’s Multiple-Sequence Model TEAM Model Tubb’s Systems Model Tuckman’s Model of Group Development Wheelan’s Integrated Model of Group Development Lewin’s Model of Change (Lewin’s Change Management Model; 3-Step Change Management Model)
Human Behavioral Ecology	Human Evolutionary Ecology
Human Enhancement		Biomechatronics Bionics Biotechnology Cyberware Cyberwear Human–Machine System (Man–Machine System; Person–Machine System) Human–System Coupling Microdosing (Psychedelic Microdosing) Neuroprosthetics (Neural Prosthetics) Neuropsychopharmacology Nootropics (Cognitive Enhancers; Smart Drugs) Psychoactive Drug (Psychoactive Agent; Psychopharmaceutical; Psychotropic Drug) Psychopharmacology
Humanisms		Being-in-the-World (Dasein) Environmental Humanities (Ecological Humanities) Evolutionary Humanism Existential Phenomenology Existential Psychology Existentialism Humanistic Psychology Humanities Liberal Humanism Non-Technological Posthumanization Posthumanism Secular Humanism Socialist Humanism Technological Posthumanization Transhumanism
Hypercorrection		Eye Dialect Mondegreen Overregularization
Idealism	Platonic Realism Platonism	Epistemological Idealism Intellectualism Metaphysical Idealism Naïve Idealism Objective Idealism Phenomenalism Platonic Idealism (Theory of Forms) Reminiscence Theory of Knowledge Subjective Idealism (Immaterialism)
Identity Discourses		Accuracy Motive (Appraisal Motive; Self-Assessment Motive) Action Identification Theory Attachment Theory Conformist Social Learning Consistency Motive Culture of Children Deep Social Mind Diagnosticity Dynamic Interactionism Empathy Facework Field Theory of Personality Group Socialization Theory (Nurture Assumption) I–Thou (I and Thou) Identity Identity Development Theory Identity Formation (Identity Construction; Identity Development) Identity Work Independent Self-Construal Individuality Interdependent Self-Construal Kids’ Culture Lifetime Personality Mentalization (Reflective Functioning) Narrative Theory Need for Cognition Ought Self Perceived Competence Perceived Self Personalism Personalistic Psychology Personality Development Personality Processes Perspectival Understanding Perspective-Taking (Perceptual Perspective-Taking) Postmodern Subject Private Self Public Self Reference Group Theory Relational Theory Schismogenesis Self-Completion Theory Self-Complexity Theory Self-Concept (Self-Appraisal; Self-Assessment; Self-Evaluation; Self-Rating) Self-Construal Self-Definition Self-Differentiation Theory (Differentiation of Self) Self-Enhancement Motive Self-Image Self-Perception (Self-Percept) Self-Schema (Working Self-Concept) Sense of Self (Sense of Identity) Situationism (Situational Theory; Situationalism) Social Identity Social Image Social Relations Model Social Self Theory of Mind (Theory-Theory)
Identity Status Theory		Identity Achievement Identity Diffusion Identity Foreclosure Identity Moratorium
Illumination Metaphor		Intuition Metaphor Reflection Metaphor Spectator Theory of Knowledge Theory Metaphor Think Metaphor
Immersion Metaphor
In-/Non-Formal Learning	Formal Learning Informal Learning Nonformal Learning	Cross-Contextual Learning Formal Learning (Compulsory Education; Schooling) Informal Learning (Tacit Learning) New Vocationalism Non-Formal Learning Public Pedagogy (Public Sphere Pedagogy) Vocationalism
Incidental Learning	Nonintentional Learning	Implicit Learning Intentional Learning Learning without Awareness Subliminal Learning Unconscious Learning
Information Pickup Theory	Ecological Theory of Information Pickup	Stimulus Array
Information Processing Theory		Bottom-Up Processing (Data-Driven Processing) Central Processing Deep Processing (Semantic Encoding) Distributed Processing Parallel Distributed Processing Parallel Processing (Simultaneous Processing) Serial Processing (Intermittent Processing; Sequential Processing) Shallow Processing Single-Channel Model Social Information Processing Top-Down Processing
Inquiry-Based Learning	Inquiry Learning Inquiry Method	Context-Based Learning (Salters’ Approach) Controlled Inquiry Free Inquiry (Open Inquiry) Guided Inquiry (Proximal Guidance) Guided Learning Guided Participation Guided Performance Guided Reinvention Inductive Teaching (Inquiry Training Model; Inductive Problem Solving) Interdisciplinary Learning [Theory] Knowledge Community and Inquiry Scaffolded Inquiry Social Inquiry (Social-Inquiry Model) Structured Inquiry
Instructional Design Models	Instructional Design Theory Instructional Systems Design Models Instructional Theory	ADDIE Model ADDIE+M Affective Context Model (5di Model) Algo-Heuristic Theory Analytical Learning (Explanation-Based Learning; Knowledge-Based Learning) ARCS (ARCS Model of Motivational Design) ASSURE Backward Design BOPPPS Branching Program Cognitive Apprenticeship Cognitive Task Analysis Component Display Theory Concept Analysis Conditions of Learning Constructive Alignment Constructivist Instructional Design Criterion Referenced Instruction Cynefin Framework Design-Focused Evaluation Dick and Carey Model Disciplines Thesis Elaboration Theory Empathic Instruction Design Forms of Knowledge 4C-ID Model (Four Component Instructional Design Model) Gerlach-Ely Model Goal-Based Scenarios Hannifin-Peck Model Integrative Learning Design Framework for Online Learning Intended Learning Outcome (ILO) Interpretation Construction Design Model (ICON Design Model) Kemp Design Model Knirk and Gustafson Model Landamatics Linear Program Minimalist Theory (Minimalism) Model-Centered Instruction / Design Layers Model of School Learning (Carroll Model) Multiple Approaches to Understanding Opportunity to Learn Organizational Elements Model Outcome-Based Assessment (Outcomes-Based Assessment) Outcome-Based Education PADDIE+M Model Pebble-in-the-Pond Instructional Design Model Personalized System of Instruction Rapid Instructional Design Rapid Prototyping Realms of Meaning Response to Intervention (RtI) Rothwell and Kazanas Instructional Design Model SOLO Taxonomy Spiral Curriculum Spiral Model Successive Approximation Model Task Analysis Task-Based Learning (Task-Based Instruction; Task-Based Language Learning) Teaching for Understanding Whole–Part–Whole Learning
Instructivism	Scientific Pedagogy	Instructionism Vestibule Training
Integrative Learning	Kaleidoscopic Learning
Intelligence Amplification	Cognitive Augmentation Intelligence Augmentation Machine Augmented Intelligence
Interactionism		Cognitive-Neoassociation Theory of Aggression (Negative Affect Theory) Cultural Deviance Theory Cyberbullying Differential Association Theory Excitation-Transfer Theory General Aggression Model Interactional Theory Self-Control Theory (General Theory of Crime) Social Disorganization Theory
Interbehaviorism	Interbehavioral Psychology	Reactional Biography
Interpersonal Theory	Interpersonal Development Theory Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory	Adult Era Childhood Era Early Adolescent Era Infancy Era Juvenile Era Late Adolescent Era Preadolescent Era Self-System (Self-Dynamism)
Intrinsic Motivation Discourses		Internalisms
Introspection	Introspectionism	Immediate Experience Mediate Experience
Invitational Learning	Invitational Education Invitational Theory
Knowledge Building	Knowledge Building Community Knowledge-Building Community Model	Distribution of Responsibility for Knowledge Generation Knowledge Creation Metaphor Rapid Collaborative Knowledge Improvement (Rapid Learning Activities)
Knowledge in Pieces	Knowledge-in-Pieces	Coordination Classes Knowledge in Structures (Knowledge-in-Structures) P-Prims (Phenomenological Primitives)
Knowledge Transfer		Knowledge Translation
Labeling Theory	Societal-Reaction Theory
Language-Focused Discourses		Cognitive Linguistics Formal Linguistics Functional Linguistics Generative Grammar (Generativism) Psycholinguistics (Psychology of Language) Systemic Functional Linguistics
Learner Trait Discourses	Character Trait Discourses	Applied Psychology Cartesian Subject (Modern Subject) Child Psychology Clinical Psychology Counseling Psychology Dimensional Theory of Emotion Educational Psychology Ipsative Assessment (Forced-Choice Scale) L Data (Life Data) Learner Characteristics (Learner Model; Learner Profile) O Data (Other Data) Q Data (Questionnaire Data; S Data; Self Data) School Neuropsychology School Psychology T Data (Test Data)
Learner-Centered Design		Low Floor – High Ceiling Open Ended Variable Entry
Learning Analytics		Academic Analytics Data Fishing Data Masking (De-Identified Data; Masked Data) Datafication Digital Rights Disaggregated Data Educational Data Mining Epistemic Frame Theory Student Information System Student-Level Data (Individual-Level Data; Individual Student-Level Data; Record-Level Data; Record-Level Student Data; Student Unit-Level Data; Student-Unit Record Data; Unit-Record Data)
Learning by Teaching		Protégé Effect
Learning Community	Community of Learners	Caring Community of Learners Fostering Communities of Learners Learning Communities in Classrooms
Learning Cycle Metaphor		Circular Causality Decision Cycle Double Diamond Model of Design Thinking Experience-Language-Pictorial-Symbolic-Application (ELPSA) Experiential Learning Spiral (Experiential Learning Cycle; Recursive Learning Cycle) Feedback Loop OODA Loop Plan–Do–Check–Act Cycle (Deming Cycle; PDCA Model) Recursion (Recursive Elaboration) Scientific Method Transtheoretical Decision Model
Learning Design		Agile Learning Cognitive Load Optimization Contingent Teaching (Responsive Planning) Designing for Learning Integrated Design Knowledge-Rich Curriculum (Knowledge-Rich Learning; Knowledge-Led Curriculum) Layers of Necessity Mediated Action Mediated Learning Occasioning (Participatory Pedagogy) Socially Mediated Learning Spiral Curriculum
Learning Environment		Constructivist Learning Environments Constructivist Learning Environment Survey Effective Learning Environments Innovative Learning Environments Learning Space (Learning Setting) Open Learning Environments Place-Based Education (Pedagogy of Place; Community-Based Education; Place-Conscious Education) Powerful Learning Environments Reformed Teaching Observation Protocol
Learning Organization		Team Learning
Learning Pyramid	Cone of Learning Cone of Retention Learning Cone Pyramid of Learning Pyramid of Retention	Cone of Experience
Learning Sciences
Learning Styles Theories		Analytical Learner Approaches to Study Inventory Auditory Learner Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (Multimodal Learning Theory) Copy Learner Dunn and Dunn Learning Styles Model Ease Learner Edmunds Learning Style Identification Felder–Silverman Learning Styles Model Field Dependence/Independence (Global/Analytical Functioning) Global Learner Grasha-Reichmann Learning Styles Scale Gregorc Styles Delineator (Mind Styles) Honey and Mumford’s Learning Styles Impulsive Learner Intuition–Analysis Style Inventory of Learning Processes Kinaesthetic Learner Kolb’s Learning Styles Inventory (Experience Learning Model) Learning Processes Learning Style Profile Learning Styles Inventory (Dunn and Dunn Learning Styles Inventory) Leveller–Sharpener Styles Nine Types of Learners Perceptual Style Reading/Writing Learner Reflective Learner Scribble Learner Sensory Theory (Sensory Stimulation Theory) Stress Learner Styles and Strategies of Learning Tactile Learner (Kinaesthetic Learner; Hands-On Learner) Teach Learner Trust Learner VARK Modalities Vermunt’s Inventory of Learning Styles Visual Learner
Learning Toys and Tools	Educational Toys Instructive Toys	Concept Mapping (Thought Mapping) Froebel Gifts Knowledge Mapping Manipulatives Mind Mapping Mindtools Montessori Sensorial Materials Objects-To-Think-With Thinking Maps Waldorf Doll (Steiner Doll)
Learning Transfer	Generalization Transfer of Learning Transfer of Practice	Analogical Transfer Doctrine of Formal Discipline Error Correction Far Transfer Formal Discipline Theory of Transfer (Mental Muscle Approach to Learning) General Transfer (Transfer by Generalization; Transfer of Principles) Horizontal Transfer Identical Elements Theory of Transfer Knowledge Compilation Mediational Deficiency Near Transfer Positive/Negative Transfer Production Deficiency Specific Transfer Utilization Deficiency Vertical Transfer
Learning-by-Doing		Learn-As-You-Go Minimalist Theory (Minimalism)
Learning-Machine Discourses		Computational Learning Theory Statistical Learning Theory
Levels of Learning Models	Learning Hierarchies Learning Taxonomies Types of Learning	Cognitive Rigor (Cognitive Rigor Matrix) Conscious Competence Learning Model CRESST Learning Model Gradual Release of Responsibility Model Hierarchy of Learning Types Higher-Order Thinking (Higher-Order Cognition; Higher-Order Thinking Skills; HOTS) Levels of Competence Modes of Learning Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy Strategic Learning Three Stages of Motor Skill Learning (Three Stage Theory) Webb’s Depth of Knowledge
Lifelong Learning	Lifespan Perspective Recurrent Education	Activity Theory of Aging (Implicit Theory of Aging; Lay Theory of Aging; Normal Theory of Aging) Biographical Learning Cognitive Aging Continuity Theory (Continuity Theory of Aging) Continuous Learning Disengagement Theory (Disengagement Theory of Aging) Disuse Theory of Aging Genetic Programming Theory (Planned Obsolescence Theory) Gerontology Later Life Adjustment Personality Development Positive Adult Development Scaffolding Theory of Cognition and Aging Socioemotional Selectivity Theory Successful Aging Transitional Learning Variable Rate Theory Wear-and-Tear Theory of Aging
M-Learning	mLearning Mobile Learning
Machine Learning		Active Learning Actor–Critic Model Algorithmic Learning Theory (Algorithmic Inductive Inference) Apprenticeship Learning (Learning from Demonstration) Automated Learning Deep Active Learning Feature Learning (Representation Learning) Machine Teaching Probably Approximately Correct Learning (PAC Learning) Reinforcement Learning Self-Supervised Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning
Maker Education		Invention Education (IvE; InventEd) Makerspace (Hackerspace; Hacklab; Hackspace) Pedagogy of Production
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs	Hierarchy of Needs Human Needs Theory Maslow's Motivational Hierarchy Maslow's Theory of Human Motivation Need-Hierarchy Theory	Being Cognition (B-Cognition) Conscious Moment Deficiency Cognition (D-Cognition) Deficiency Need (Deficiency Motivation) Esteem Need (Self-Esteem Need) Love Need (Belonging Need) Metaneed (B-Motivation; B-Value; Being Motivation; Being Value; Growth Motivation; Metamotivation) Metapathology Need-to-Belong Model (Belongingness Theory) Peak Experience Physiological Need (Basic Need; Fundamental Need; Primary Need) Safety Need School Belonging Secondary Need (Derived Need; Psychological Need) Self-Actualization Specious Present Theory X / Theory Y Theory Z (Japanese Management Style) Timeless Moment
Mastery Learning	Learning for Mastery	Mastery Orientation Mastery-Based Grading Programmed Learning
Materialisms		Cooperative Naturalism Dialectical Materialism (Marxist Dialectics) Eliminative Materialism (Eliminativism) Hard Problem Identity Theory (Central State Theory; Identity Theory of Mind) Natural Philosophy (Philosophy of Nature) Naturalism Naturalized Epistemology New Materialisms Ontological Materialism Physicalism Replacement Naturalism Scientific Materialism Substantive Naturalism Token Identity Theory (Token Identity Physicalism) Type Identity Theory (Mind–Brain Identity Theory; Reductive Materialism; Type Identity Physicalism; Type Physicalism)
Maturationism
Meaning-Making Metaphor		Central Coherence Theory Inferentialism
Meaningful Learning		Cognitive Semantics Dynamic Semantics Frame Semantics Meaning Morphology Phonetics Phonology Rational Learning Semantics Semiotics Situational Semantics Structural Semantics Syntax
Meaningful Learning Theory	Human Constructivism	Shuell Model of Learning Functions Taxonomy of Meaningful Learning
Medical Model of (Dis)Ability	Deficit Model of Ability Deficit Model of Disability Medical Model of Ability Medical Model of Disability Psychometric Model of Intelligence	Ability Grouping Ability Test (School Ability Test) Abnormal (Abnormality) Abnormal Psychology Abstract Intelligence (Abstract Ability) Academic Promise Test Acalculia (Arithmetic Disability) Acquired Disorder (Acquired Disability) Alexia (Word Blindness) American Council on Education Psychological Examination Antisocial Personality Disorder (Dissocial Personality Disorder; Anti-Social Behavior Disorder) Anxiety Disorder Aptitude Aptitude Test Asperger’s Syndrome Attention-Deficit Disorder (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) Auditory Processing Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder Average Intelligence Banding (Score Bands) Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF2) Between-Class Ability Grouping (Phasing; Streaming) Biological Intelligence Borderline Intelligence (Borderline Intellectual Functioning) Brightness, Brilliance (Dimness) Metaphor Capacity Building (Capacity Development; Capacity Strengthening) Capacity Metaphor (Capacity Model) Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT) Cattell–Horn–Carroll Theory Classic Learning Test (CLT) Classical Test Theory Cleverness Metaphor College Qualifications Test Conduct Disorder Construct-Validity Bias Content-Validity Bias (Item-Selection Bias) Continuum Approach Cooperative School and College Ability Test Cross-Grade Ability Grouping (Vertical Streaming) Crystalized Intelligence (Crystallized Abilities) Das–Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System (Cognitive Assessment System; CAS) Developmental Age Developmental Delay Developmental Disorder (Developmental Disability) Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, Second Edition (NEPSY-II) Developmental Quotient Developmental Scale (Developmental Measure) Deviation IQ Diagnosis and Remediation (Remedial Learning) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Diagnostic Tests (Diagnostic Assessments) Differential Ability Scales (DAS) Differential Aptitude Tests Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders (Disruptive Behavior Disorder) Dual-Process Theory of Intelligence Dyscalculia Dysgraphia Dyslexia Dysnomia Dyspraxia Educable Mentally Retarded (Educable Mentally Handicapped; EMH; EMR) Educational Therapy Emotional and Behavior Disorders (Behavior and Emotional Disorders) Emotional Intelligence Etiology Exceptionality Metaphor Facilitated Communication Factor Theory of Intelligence Fluid Intelligence (Fluid Abilities) Flynn Effect Functional Disorder g (g Factor; General Intelligence Factor; Spearman’s G) g-VPR Model General Ability (General Mental Ability) General Intelligence Generalizability Theory Generalized Anxiety Disorder Genius Metaphor Gessell Developmental Schedule Gifted Education (GATE; G&T Education; Gifted and Talented Education; G/T Education; Talented and Gifted Programs; TAG) Giftedness Metaphor Global Intelligence Intellectual Disability (General Learning Disability; Cognitive Impairment; Intellectual Development Disorder) Intellectual Giftedness Intelligence Intelligence Metaphor Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Intermittent Explosive Disorder International Classification of Diseases Item Response Theory Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II) Kulmann–Anderson Measure of Academic Potential Language Processing Disorder Latent Trait Theory Learning Disability (Specific Learning Disability) Learning Disorder (Learning Difficulty) Level I–Level II Theory Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB) Marginal Intelligence Mechanical Intelligence (Concrete Intelligence) Medical Model Mental Disease Mental Disorder (Mental Illness; Psychiatric Disorder; Psychiatric Illness; Psychological Disorder) Mentally Retarded (Mentally Handicapped) Mixed Ability (Differently Abled) Mixed Ability Grouping (Heterogeneous Grouping) Movement Disorder (Motor Disorder) Multidimensional Aptitude Battery II (MAB II) Neurodevelopmental Disorder Nonverbal Learning Disorder Norm Normal (Normality) Normal Distribution (Bell Curve; Gaussian Distribution; Normal Curve) Normalism (Normism) Normative (Normativity) Norming Nosology o ( o Factor; Object Recognition Factor) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Ohio State Psychological Examination “On the Spectrum” Oppositional Defiance Disorder Organic Disorder (Organic Disease) Organicism (Organic Approach) Overachievement (Achievement Above Predicted Expectations) PASS Theory of Intelligence Passive-Aggression (Negativism) Perceptual Deficit (Perceptual Defect) Performance IQ Physiological Paradigm Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Potential Metaphor (Human-Potential Model) Primary Abilities Test (Primary Mental Abilities Test) Prodigy Professional Aptitude Test Profound Mental Retardation Psychoeducational Diagnostician Psychogenic Disorder Psychiatric Nosology (Psychiatric Classification) Psychometrics (Psychometric Psychology; Psychometry) Psychonosology Psychopathology Pull-Out Program Quickness (Delayed; Slowness; Retardation) Metaphor Race Norming Radex Model of Intelligence Ratio IQ Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) Regrouping (Setting) Reliability Theory (Psychometric Model) Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS) s (s Factor; Special Factor; Specific Factor; Spearman’s S) Savant Scholastic Aptitude Test School Refusal (School Avoidance) Sensory Processing Disorder (Sensory Integration Dysfunction) Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) Sharpness, Acuity (Dullness) Metaphor 16 Basic Desires Theory Smartness Metaphor Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) Social Intelligence Social Quotient (Social Intelligence Quotient) Spatial Ability / Spatial Reasoning Special Child Special Education Special Needs Specific Abilities (Special Aptitudes) Standard Error of Measurement Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale, Fifth Edition (SB5) Stereotypic Movement Disorder Strength (Weakness) Metaphor Structure of Intellect Theory (SOI Model) Stupidity Metaphor Superior Intelligence Supernormal Talent Metaphor Tanner Stages (Tanner Scale) Test Bias Thorndike’s Intelligence Theory Three-Ring Conception of Giftedness Three-Stratum Theory Tracking Trainable Mentally Retarded (Trainable Mentally Handicapped; TMH; TMR) 2e Learner (Twice Exceptional Learner) Two-Factor Theory [of Intelligence] Underachievement Unspecified Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation, Severity Unspecified; Unspecified Mental Retardation) Verbal IQ Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV) Within-Class Ability Grouping (Homogeneous Groups; Like-Ability Grouping; Like Grouping; Like Needs; Within-Class Grouping) Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, Fourth Edition (WJ-IV)
Memetics	Memeology
Memory Research		Accelerated Forgetting (Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting) Acid Bath Theory Act-In Theory (Activation–Integration Theory) Block (Mental Block) Body Memory Cognitive Array Model (Array Model) Collective Memory (Group Memory) Complementary Learning Systems Conjoint Retention Cryptomnesia (Inadvertent Plagiarism; Unconscious Plagiarism) Cultural Memory Decay Theory (Trace-Decay Theory) Digital Amnesia Dual-Store Model of Memory (Dual Memory Model) Echoic Memory (Auditory Sensory Memory) Eidetic Memory Elaborative Interrogation Elaboration Rehearsal Episodic Memory (Autobiographical Memory; Event Memory) Explicit Memory (or Declarative Memory) Fact Memory False Memory Fan Effect Feeling of Knowing FINST Theory (Visual Indexing Theory) Flashbulb Memory Forgetting Curve (Ebbinghaus’s Curve of Retention) Fringe Consciousness Generation Effect Google Effect Haptic Memory Hypermnesia Hyperthymesia (Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory; HSAM) Iconic Memory Imagery Effect Implicit Memory Interference Theory (Retrieval Interference) Levels of Processing (Depth of Processing) Long-Term Memory (Secondary Memory) Magical Number 7 Maintenance Rehearsal Misattribution of Memory Mood-Dependent Memory Multistore Model of Memory (Atkinson–Shiffrin Model; Modal Model; Storage-and-Transfer Model) Muscle Memory (Motor Learning) Network-Memory Model (Neural Network Model of Information Retrieval) Object Memory Overlearning Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model of Memory Permastore Photographic Memory Proactive Interference (Proactive Inhibition) Procedural Memory Propositional Network Response Competition Restoration Theory (Repair and Restoration Theory) Retrieval Block Retroactive Interference Reverse Learning (Crick–Mitchison Theory) Semantic Memory (Semantic Knowledge) Sensory Memory (Sensory Register; Sensory Store) Sharpening Short-Term Memory (Immediate Memory; Primary Memory) Sleep Learning Sleep-Learning (Hypnopedia) Social Cryptomnesia Social Memory Source Memory Source-Monitoring Error (Source Confusion; Source Misattribution) Spatial Memory Spreading Activation Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon Trace Decay Tulving’s Model Two-Stage Memory Theory Unconscious Transfer Unlearning Working Memory (Active Memory)
Mental Model Theory		Counterfactual Thinking Downward Counterfactuals Mental Model Theory of Reasoning Upward Counterfactuals
Mentalisms		Cognitive Learning Theory Conscious Mentalism
Metacognition	Introspective Learning Metareasoning	Calibration Cognitive Coaching Cognitive Engagement Comprehension Monitoring Conditional Knowledge Critical Thinking Judgment of Learning Know Thyself Learning How to Learn Mental Coaching Meta-Attention Metacognitive Experiences Metacognitive Knowledge (Metacognitive Awareness) Metacognitive Regulation (Regulation of Cognition) Metacomprehension Metaemotion Meta Learning (Meta-Learning) Metalinguistic Awareness (Linguistic Awareness) Metamemory Metastrategic Knowledge Real–Ideal Self Congruence Self-Awareness Theory Thinking Through Time on Task
Methodological Behaviorism		Learning Set Rational Behaviorism Salience Theory Selective Learning
Mindfulness		Affective Learning (Emotional Learning) Alpha-Wave Training (Alpha Biofeedback; Alpha Neurofeedback) Ayurvedic Bhakti Yoga Biofeedback Buddhism (Dharmavinaya; Buddha Dharma) Concentrative Meditation Contemplative Pedagogy Contemplative Practices Decoded Neurofeedback (DecNef) Fully Functioning Person (Existential Living) Holistic Education (Helping Model) Introceptive Awareness (Introception) Jñāna Yoga Karma Yoga Medicine Wheel Meditation Mind Machine (Brain Machine; Light and Sound Machine) Mindful Learning Mindfulness Meditation Neurofeedback (EEG Biofeedback; Neurofeedback; Neurotherapy) Presencing Psychonautics Social-Affective Learning Transcendental Meditation Yoga Zen Buddhism
Mindset	Self-Theories	Deliberative Mind-Set Entity Theory Fixed Mindset Fundamental Attribution Error (Attribution Effect; Correspondence Bias) Golem Effect Growth Mindset Implemental Mind-Set Implicit Self Theory Incremental Theory Learned Helplessness (Helplessness Theory) Learned Industriousness Learned Optimism Mind-Set (Mindset Theory of Action Phases) Proleptic Teaching Pygmalion Effect Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Self-Handicapping Stereotype Threat Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty Orientation Winner Effect
Model of Hierarchical Complexity		Abstract Order of Complexity Automatic Order of Complexity Calculatory Order of Complexity Circular Sensory-Motor Order of Complexity Concrete Order of Complexity Cross-Paradigmatic Order of Complexity Formal Order of Complexity Meta-Cross-Paradigmatic Order of Complexity Metasystematic Order of Complexity Nominal Order of Complexity Paradigmatic Order of Complexity Preoperational Order of Complexity Primary Order of Complexity Sensory or Motor Order of Complexity Sensory-Motor Order of Complexity Sentential Order of Complexity Systematic Order of Complexity
Modes of Reasoning		Abductive Reasoning (Abduction; Abductive Inference; Case-Cased Reasoning; Retroduction) Abstract Thinking (Categorical Thought) Ad Hominem Agnosticism Allusive Thinking (Cognitive Looseness; Loose Associative Processing) Analogical Reasoning Analysis (Analytic Approach; Analytic Thinking; Analytical Thinking) Appeal to Authority Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Tradition Bandwagon Bifurcation Bounded Rationality Circular Reasoning Commonsense Reasoning Conditional Reasoning (If–Then Reasoning; Inferential Reasoning) Consequentialism Deductive Reasoning Dialectical Reasoning (Dialectics) Dianoia Dichotomous Thinking (Black-and-White Thinking; Dualistic Thinking; Polarized Thinking) Doublethink Elegant Solution Fallacious Reasoning (Fallacy; Fallacious Argument; Logical Fallacy; Specious Reasoning) False Dichotomy (False Dilemma) Fuzzy Trace Theory Genealogy Hasty Generalization Ignorance Ignorance Studies Inductive Reasoning Instrumental Rationality Intentionalism Irrationality Law of Parsimony (Economy Principle; Epistemic Simplicity; Principle of Economy; Principle of Parsimony) Loaded Language (Emotive Language; High-Inference Language; language-Persuasive Techniques; Loaded terms) Logic Mind Traps (Cognitive Distortions; Negative Automatic Thoughts; Thinking Errors; Thinking Traps; Thought Traps; Unhelpful Thoughts) Moral Reasoning Narrative Mode (Narrative Mode of Thinking) Naturalistic Fallacy Noesis Obscurantism Occam’s razor Paradigmatic Mode (Paradigmatic Mode of Thinking) Paradoxical Thinking (Paradox Mindset) Paralogism Polylogism Practical Reason (Practical Rationality) Pragmatic Reasoning Schema Theory Probabilistic Thinking Reason (Rational Thinking) Red Herring Scientific Reasoning Scientism Skepticism Slippery Slope Straw Man Synthetic Thinking (Synthetic Approach; Systemic Approach; Systemic Thinking) Thought-Terminating Cliché (Bumper-Sticker Logic; Cliché Thinking; Semantic Stop Sign; Thought-Stopper) Two-Plus-Two Phenomenon Value Rationality
Modularity of Mind	Domain-Specific Learning Domain Specificity Functional Specialization Localization of (Brain) Function	Bicameral Mind Cardiac Brain Cephalic Brain Enteric Brain Faculty Psychology (Mental Faculties) General Learning Model Mental Discipline Theories (Mental Discipline Theories of Teaching) Neomammalian Brain (Neomammalian Complex) Paleomammalian Brain (Paleomammalian Complex; Limbic System; Mammalian Brain) Phrenology Reptilian Brain (Reptilian Complex; R-Complex; Lizard Brain) Triune Brain
Moral Development Theory	Kohlberg's Theory	Adolescent Spiritual Development Conventional Level (Conventional Morality) Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development Positive Disintegration Postconventional Level (Postconventional Morality) Preconventional Level (Preconventional Morality)
Motivation Theories	Dynamic Psychology	Affect Theory Anxiety Apprehension Span (Span of Apprehension) Arousal Arousal Theory Attention Attentional Narrowing Bite-Sized Learning Brain Break Conceptual Scope of Attention Conscious Motivations (Conative Component of Motivation; Conation) Controlled Attention (Attentional Control; Directed Attention; Executive Attention; Selective Attention) Debilitating Anxiety Emotionality Externalisms Facilitating Anxiety Fear of Failure (Academic Anxiety; Academic Fear) Fear of Success (Fear of Success Syndrome; Horner Effect) Focal Attention (Focused Attention) Incentive Theory Internalisms Level-of-Aspiration Theory (Aspiration Theory; Aspiration Level Theory) Meta-Attention Motivational Style Movement in Learning (Movement-Based Instruction) Multiple Resource Model Negative Stress (Distress) Perceptual Scope of Attention Performance Anxiety Postive Stress (Eustress) Pull Model Push Model Scope of Attention State Anxiety Stress Subitizing Test Anxiety Trait Anxiety Unconscious Motivations (Habitual Component of Motivation; Habit) Underintensity Unitary Resource Model (Single-Capacity Model) Worry Yerkes–Dodson Law (Anxiety–Performance Relationship; Arousal–Performance Relationship; Inverted-U Hypothesis)
Multisensory Learning		Behavioural Optometry (Developmental Optometry) Fernald Method (VAKT)
Mysticism- & Religion-Aligned Discourses		Alchemy Atheism Deism Hermeticism Metaphysics (Metaphysical) Mysticism Neoplatonism Panentheism Pantheism Religion Supernatural Theism
Nativism	Platonic Epistemology Theory of Recollection	Core Knowledge Theory Genetic Memory Innatism Instinct Intuitionism Nativistic Theory Neonativism (Structural Constraint Theory) Recapitulation Theory Theory Theory
Nature vs. Nurture		Aptitude Biological Determinism (Biologism; Genetic Determinism) Environmental Determinism Epigenesis (Neoformationism) Essentialism Heritability (Inheritance) Human Nature Instructional Theory of Development Mechanistic Interactionism Preformationism (Preformism)
Network of Practice		Electronic Network of Practice (Virtual Network of Practice)
Networked Learning		Collaborative Networked Learning
Neuro-Focused Discourses		Central Nervous System Cerebellum Cerebral Cortex (Cortex) Cerebrum Corpus Callosum (Callosal Commissure) Forebrain (Prosencephalon) Frontal Lobes Genetics of Intelligence Glial Cells (Neuroglia) Hindbrain (Lower Brain; Rhombencephalon) Hypothalamus Interneurons (Relay Neurons) Interpersonal Neurobiology (Relational Neurobiology) Left Hemisphere Medulla (Medulla Oblongata) Midbrain (Mesencephalon) Mirror Neurons Motor Neurons Nervous System Neural Constructivism Neural Decoding Neurobiology Neurocentrism Neurons (Nerve Cells) Neurotransmitters Occipital Lobes Parietal Lobes Peripheral Nervous System Pons Reticular Formation (Reticular Activating System) Right Hemisphere Sensory Neurons Synapses Temporal Lobes Thalamus
Neuroconstructivism
Neurodiversity	Neurodivergence Neurodivergent Neurotypical	Functional Diversity Neurotribes
Neuroeducation	Educational Neuroscience Mind–Brain–Education Neurodidactics Neuropedagogy
Neuroenhancement		Cognitive Liberty
Neurophenomenology		Biogenetic Structuralism Neurognosis
Neuroplasticity	Brain Plasticity Neuroelasticity Neural Plasticity Plasticity	Brain Growth Critical Periods (of Brain Development) Equipotentiality Experience-Dependent Plasticity Experience-Expectant Plasticity Framestorm® Functional Plasticity (Vicariation) Hebbian Learning (Hebb’s Rule) Hemispheric Lateralization (Cerebral Lateralization; Hemispheric Specialization; Lateral Specialization) Long-Term Depression Long-Term Potentiation Neurogenesis Self-Directed Neuroplasticity Synaptic Plasticity
Neuroscience	Biological Psychology Biopsychology Psychobiology	Acquired Brain Injury Affective Neuroscience Behavioral Neuropsychology Behavioral Neuroscience (Biological Psychology; Biopsychology; Psychobiology) Cellular Neuroscience Clinical Neuropsychology Cognitive Neuropsychology Cognitive Neuroscience Collective Neuroscience Congenital Brain Injury Cultural Neuroscience Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Genetic Brain Injury Interbrain Synchrony (Brain Synchrony) Neuroanthropology Neurocognition Neurology Neurophilosophy Neuropsychology Neurotrauma (Brain Damage; Brain Injury) Polyvagal Theory Positive Neuroscience Social Cognitive Neuroscience Social Neuroscience Systems Neuroscience
Non-Trivial Constructivisms	Developmental Learning	Apperception Apperceptive Mass Construal Knowing Organization Theory (Organizational Theory of Memory)
Nonassociative Learning		Extinction Habituation Imprinting Inhibition/Disinhibition Satiation Sensitization Spontaneous Recovery
Observational Learning	Observational Instruction Vicarious Learning	Chameleon Effect Delayed Imitation Emulation Learning Imitation Imitative Learning Insightful Learning Latent Learning Modeling Theory
Occupational Therapy		Allen’s Cognitive Disabilities Model Children’s Play Model Dunn’s Model of Sensory Processing Dynamic Model for Play Choice Ecology of Human Performance Expanded Awareness Model Infant Space Theory Kawa Model Life Balance Model Meaning Perspective Transformation Model of Children’s Play Model of Co-Occupation Model of Human Occupations Model of Neuro-Occupation, Intention, Meaning and Perception Model of Occupational Empowerment Model of Occupational Wholeness Model of Playfulness Model of Social Interaction Occupational Culture Occupational Health Psychology Partnering for Change Model Sensitivity Training Sensory Integration Theory Sensory Smart Classroom Theory of Occupational Reconstructions Theory of Occupational Adaptation Value and Meaning in Occupations Vona du Toit Model of Creative Ability
Operant Conditioning	Instrumental Conditioning Instrumental Learning Operant Learning Reinforcement Theory Type II Conditioning Type R Conditioning	All-or-Nothing Learning Avoidance Conditioning (Avoidance Learning) Continuous Reinforcement Cueing (Prompting) Discrimination Learning (Discriminative Learning) Discriminative Stimulus Errorless Learning Escape Conditioning Fixed-Interval Schedules Fixed-Ratio Schedules Human Contingency Learning Incremental Learning Intermittent Reinforcement (Partial Reinforcement) Visceral Learning Law of Effect Learned Generalization (Secondary Generalization) Negative Reinforcement (Negative Reinforcer) Omission Training (Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior) Operant Behavior Operant Chamber (Skinner Box) Operant Level Operant Paradigm Positive Reinforcement (Positive Reinforcer) Probability Learning Punishment Puzzle Box (Thorndike Puzzle Box) Reinforcing Stimulus Respondent Behavior Reward S–O Association Setting Events Shaping (Successive Approximation) Stimulus Discrimination Stimulus Generalization Superstitious Behavior Terminal Behavior Three-Term Contingency (ABCs of Behavior; Contingency Management) Time-Out Trial-and-Error Learning Theory Variable-Interval Schedules Variable-Ratio Schedules
Optimal Learning	Optimal Experience	Cognitive Efficiency Negative Learning Negative Learning Environment Negative Learning Experience Negative Learning Transfer (Negative Transfer) Optimal Level Theory Positive Learning and Negative Learning (PNL Model)
Organizational Learning	Organizational Change	Absorptive Capacity (Appropriability) Adaptive Coping (of Organizational Learning) Action Science Contingency Theory Cross-Functional Team (Project Team) Cross-Training (of Organizational Learning) Deskilling Emergent Learning Ignorance Management Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Business Psychology, Employment Psychology, Industrial Psychology, Management Psychology, Managerial Psychology, Organizational Psychology, Work Psychology) Knowledge Capture Knowledge Management Management Information Systems Organization Development (Organizational Change; Organizational Development) Organization Studies (Organization Science; Organizational Studies) Organizational-Activity Game Organizational Behavior Management (Organizational Behavior Modification) Organizational Cognition Organizational Creativity Organizational Culture Organizational Ecology (Organizational Demography; Population Ecology of Organizations) Organizational Intelligence Organizational Listening (Corporate Listening) Organizational Teaching Organizational Theory (Organization Theory) Organized Anarchy Theory (Behavioral Theory of Organized Anarchy) Personal Knowledge Management Skill Gaps Theory of Action Theory of Constraints (TOC) Theory of Social Organizing Transformational Learning (of Organizational Learning)
Organizational Metacognition		Attraction–Selection–Attrition Model Institutional Memory Negotiated Belief Structures Organizational Cognition Organizational Culture Organizational Culture Analysis Organizational Memory Transactive Memory
Originality Theory
Paradigm Shifts		Belief Perseverance (Conceptual Conservatism) Culture Complex Epistemological Obstacle Epistemological Turn Frame Framing Theory Great Man Theory (of History) Immature Science Interpretive Turn Learning Paradigm Metaphorical Framing Normal Science Paradigm Clash Preparadigmatic Science Zeitgeist
Path-Following Metaphor		Ladder of Learning (Learning Ladder)
Perceptual Learning Theory	Gibson's Theory of Perceptual Learning	Attentional Weighting Differentiation Identification Learning Perceptual Learning Stimulus Imprinting Task-Irrelevant Learning (Task-Irrelevant Perceptual Learning) Unitization
Personal Agency Discourses		Altered State Theories Control Theories (in Sociology) Credulity Gullibility Hip-Hop Education (HipHopEd; Hip Hop Based Education; HHBE; H2Ed) Hypnosis Learning Skills Learning Strategies Learning Techniques Learning to Learn Non-State Theories Obedience to Authority Reflective Teaching Revoicing Self-Control Theory (General Theory of Crime) Self-Organized Learning Self-Organized Learning Environment Social Control Theory (Social Bond Theory) Stakes in Conformity Suggestibility
Personal Construct Theory		Constructive Alternativism Repertory Grid
Personality Psychology	Personality Trait Theory Personology Trait Psychology	Differential Psychology Ego Control Ego Resiliency Fogg Behavior Model Locus of Causality Locus of Control Locus of Stability Meditation Organismic Theory Outline of Self Quantified Self (Lifelogging) Self-Actualization Self-Evaluation Self-Experimentation Self-Healing Self-Help (Self-Improvement; Personal Development; Personal Growth) Self-Modeling Self-Monitoring (Self-Observation; Self-Recording) Social Penetration Theory Trait Theory (Dispositional Theory)
Personality Types Theories	Character Types Personality Tests Personality Trait Theory Type Theory	Abjective Check List Aptitude–Treatment Interaction Archetype-Based Modeling (of Persona) Attitudinal Types Big Five Personality Types (OCEAN Model) Birkman Method Cattell’s Personality Trait Theory Character Character Analysis (Characterology) Character Structure Character Type Cultural Intelligence (Cross-Cultural Competence; Cultural Agility) Cultural Quotient DiSC Model of Behavior Empathy-Quotient–Systemizing-Quotient Test (EQSQ Test) Enneagram of Personality Eysenck’s Dimensions (Eysenck’s Theory of Personality) Factor Theory of Personality FIRO-B Four Temperament Theory Functional Types (Quaternity) HEXACO Personality Inventory Holland Codes If…Then Profiles Jungian Type Index (Jungian Typology) Keirsey Temperament Sorter Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Myers–Briggs Type Indicator NEO Personality Inventory Newcastle Personality Assessor OAD Survey (Organization Analysis and Design Survey) Personality Personality and Preference Inventory Personality Assessment System Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Personality Structure Personality Type Physiognomy Process Communication Model Psychological Functions (Cognitive Functions) Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator Rorschach Inkblot Test (Inkblot Test) Sheldon’s Constitutional Theory of Personality Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF) Questionnaire Socionics Strong Interest Inventory Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style Thematic Apperception Test Thomas–Kilmann Conflict Model Trait True Colors Test Type A / Type B Personalities Type D Personality Winslow Personality Test Woodworth Personality Data Sheet (Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory) VALS (Values and Lifestyle Survey)
Personalized Learning	Customized Learning Individualized Learning Personal Learning Environment	Individual Learning Plan (Individualized Learning Plan) Learning Pathway (Flexible Learning Pathway)
Phenomenology	Phenomenological Psychology	Bracketing (Epoché; Phenomenological Epoché; Phenomenological Reduction; Transcendental Reduction) Carnal Hermeneutics Descriptive Phenomenology Eidetic Reduction Eidetic Variation Essence Existential Phenomenology Generative Historicist Phenomenology Genetic Phenomenology Hermeneutical Phenomenology (Hermeneutic Phenomenology; Interpretive Phenomenology; Post-Phenomenology) Hermeneutics Neophenomenology Quale (plural: Qualia) Pheneroscopy Phenomenology of Learning Subjective Psychology
Phenomenon-Based Learning		Integrated Thematic Instruction Thematic Learning (Thematic Instruction;Thematic Studies; Thematic Teaching; Theme-Based Learning) Topical Learning (Topic-Based Learning)
Plant Cognition	Gnosophysiology	Absolute Idealism Animism Brain Chauvinism Ecospirituality (Ecological Spirituality) Extended Cognition in Plants Hylozoism Mind Stuff Mycorrhizal Network (Common Mycorrhizal Network) Pancognitivism Panpsychism (Psychism) Plant Intelligence Plant Perception Plant Blindness Spirituality Vegetative Soul (Nutritive Soul)
Play-Based Learning	Learning Through Play Ludology	Associative Play Constructive Play Cooperative Play Dramatic Play Exercise Play Explearning Exploratory Play Free Play Functional Play Fundamental Movement Phase Growth Theory Guided Play Independent Play (Solitary Play) Infantile Dynamics Locomotor Play Ludic Learning (Ludic Pedagogy) Make-Believe Play Motor Skills Nature Play Object Play Object-Oriented Play Onlooker Play Open-Ended Play Organized Play Parallel Play Parten’s Six Stages of Play Play Phases of Motor Development Practice Theory of Play (Pre-Exercise Theory) Pretend Play Recreation Theory of Play (Relaxation Theory of Play) Reflexive Movement Phase Rhythmic Stereotypy Risky Play Role Play Rough-and-Tumble Play Rudimentary Movement Phrase Social Play Sociodramatic Play Specialized Movement Phase Structured Play Surplus Energy Theory of Play Symbolic Play Unoccupied Play
Positioning Theory		Code-Switching (Language Alternation) Feminist Standpoint Theory (Standpoint Feminism) Indigenous Standpoint Theory Language Register (Register) Negotiated Order Theory Role Theory Situated Identities Theory Social Role Theory Standpoint Theory Translanguaging
Positive Psychology		Appreciative Learning Benefit Finding (Benefit Finding and Growth; BFG) Grit Positive Education (Positive Learning) Positive Youth Development Toxic Positivity (Positive Toxicity)
Positivism	Positive Science Positive Philosophy	Antipositivism (Antinaturalism; Interpretivism; Negativism) Falsifiability (Falsification; Refutability) Logical Empiricism (Logical Positivism; Neopositivism) Machian Positivism Postpositivism (Postempiricism) Unified Positivism Verification Principle (Principle of Verifiability; Verifiability Criterion of Meaning; Verificationism)
Post-Structuralism		Arborescent Deconstruction Deferral Différance Figurative System of Human Knowledge (Tree of Diderot and d’Alembert) Hyperreality Reconstructivism Rhizome
Postcognitivist Discourses	Postcognitivism
Practice		Automatic Performance (Routinized Behavior) Automatic Thoughts (Routinized Thoughts) Automaticity (Routinization) Basic Skills Blocked Practice Cognitive Entrenchment Communication Skills Conceptual Mediation Consolidation Theory Continuity Theory Deficient Processing Theory Deliberate Practice Desirable Difficulty Discontinuity Theory (Discontinuity Hypothesis) Distributed Practice (Distributed Learning; Spaced Practice) Distributed-Practice Effect (Spacing Effect) Educated Intuition Effortful Practice (Effortful Processing) Encoding Variability Theory Exponential Learning Forgetting Curve (Ebbinghaus’s Curve of Retention) Generation Effect Guided Practice Habit Habit Formation Theory Habit Reversal Training Habit Theory (Habit Psychology) Interleaving Learning J Curve (J-Shaped Distribution) Lag Effect Learning Curve Theory (Acquisition Curve) Learning Loss (Summer Learning Loss; Summer Slide) Learning Plateau Learning Task Massed Practice (Cramming) Mastery Learning Mediational Learning Motor Skills Multitasking Old Way New Way Overlearning Practice Task Principle of Distributed Repetitions Productive Failure Productive Struggle (Healthy Struggle) Repetition Principle Repetitive Learning (Drill) Retrieval Effort Hypothesis Rote Learning Semantic Priming Skill Skill Mediation Social Skills Spaced Overlearning Speed Learning Study-Phase Retrieval Theory Subcortical Learning 10,000-Hours Rule Thinking Routine Training Unlearning Warm-Up Effect Work–Rest Cycle
Pragmatism	Methodological Pragmatism	Instrumentalism Neopragmatism (Post-Deweyan Pragmatism; Linguistic Pragmatism; Analytic Pragmatism) Critical Pragmatism
Predictive Coding	Predictive Learning Predictive Processing
Premodern Formal Education		Academy (Platonic Academy) Buddhism (Dharmavinaya; Buddha Dharma) Cathedral School Classical Education Movement Confucianism Liberal Arts Liberal Education (Liberal Arts Education) Medieval University Modernism (Modern Era; Modernity) Monastic School Neoplatonism Parochial Schools (Parish Schools) Premodern Era Roman Municipal School Scholasticism Zen Buddhism
Primate Cognition		Rational Soul
Priming		Preattentive Processing (Preattentive Analysis; Preperceptual Processing) Repetition Priming Semantic Priming
Problem-Based Learning	Problem-Based Instruction	Adaptive Strategy Choice Model (Strategy Choice Model) Algorithm Brainstorming Collaborative Problem Solving Combining Algorithms Drawing Analogies Generate-and-Test (Guess-and-Test) Fermi Problem (Fermi Estimate; Fermi Question; Fermi Quiz; Order Estimation; Order-of-Magnitude Estimate, Order-of-Magnitude Problem) Heuristic (Cognitive Heuristic; Heuristic Technique) Ill-Defined Problem (Ill-Structured Problem) Joint Problem Space Means–Ends Analysis Problem Solving Problem Space Problem-Solving Strategies Productive Thinking Stage Theory of Strategy Development Well-Defined Problem (Well-Structured Problem) Wicked Problem Worked Examples (Example-Based Learning) Working Backward Working Forward (Hill Climbing)
Professional Learning Community		Great Teaching Toolkit™ Professional Development (Continuing Professional Development; Continuous Professional Development; CPD; PD) Professional Learning (PL) Teacher Talks
Programmed Learning	Programmed Instruction	Immediate Feedback Overt Responding Self-Pacing (Self-Paced Instruction) Small Steps Teaching Machine
Progressivism	Progressive Education Progressive-Democratic Theory	Educational Essentialism (Back-to-Basics) Narcissistic Learning (Self-Centered Learning) Perennialism (Educational Perennialism; Universal Curriculum) Techno-Progressivism (Tech-Progressivism) Whole Child (Whole Child Approach)
Project-Based Learning
Proxies for Learning		Academic Journaling Homework Law of Triviality
Psyche-Focused Discourses		Anticipatory Learning (Curious Learning; Ideo-Motor Principle of Learning) Proactive Learning Reactive Learning Significant Learning
Psychoanalytic Theories	Psychoanalytic Psychology	Avoidance (Avoidance Behavior) Classical Psychoanalysis (Orthodox Psychoanalysis) Collective Unconscious Compartmentalization Conscious Defense Mechanisms (Escape Mechanisms) Denial Displacement Dissociation Dynamical Model Economic Model Ego Ego Psychology Focal Consciousness Freudian Psychoanalysis Fringe Consciousness Id Implicit Behavior Implicit Cognition Interpersonal Psychoanalysis Isolation Jungian Archetypes Jungian Psychology (Analytic Psychology; Analytical Psychology) Marginal Consciousness Neo-Freudian Nonconscious Object Relations Theory Overdetermination (Multiple Determination) Paleological Thinking Pleasure Principle (Lustprinzip; Pleasure–Pain Principle) Preconscious Prelogical Thinking Primary Process (Primary Process Thinking) Projection Psychic Energy (Mental Energy) Psychohistory (Historical Psychoanalysis) Rationalization Reality Principle (Realitätsprinzip) Regression Relational Psychoanalysis Repression Self Psychology Structural Model (Structural Approach; Structural Hypothesis; Structural Theory) Subconscious Sublimation Substitution Super-Ego Topographic Model (Descriptive Approach; Systematic Approach; Topographic Hypothesis) Unconscious Unconscious Mind
Psychological Behaviorism		Behavioral Repertoires Unified Positivism
Psychology		Act Psychology (Intentionalism) Content Psychology Contentual Objectivism Contentual Subjectivism Empirical Psychology (Scientific Psychology) Experimental Psychology (Hard Psychology) Factor Theory Field Theory Metapsychology Methodological Objectivism Methodological Subjectivism Philosophical Psychology Psychological Universals Rational Psychology Soft Psychology Statistical Psychology Speculative Psychology
Psychology of Self		Transpersonal Psychology (Spiritual Psychology; Transpersonal Theory)
Psychosexual Development Theory	Freud's Theory of Learning Freudian Theory of Personality Psychoanalytic Sexual Drive Theory Sexual Drive Theory	Anal Expulsive Personality Anal Retentive Personality Anal Stage Castration Anxiety Electra Complex Genital Stage Latency Stage (Latent Period) Oedipus Complex (Œdipus Complex) Oral Stage Penis Envy Phallic Stage Power Envy Womb Envy (Womb and Vagina Envy)
Psychosocial Development Theory	Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Develepment	Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Developmental Crisis Encore Years (Third Chapter; Adulthood II) Generativity vs. Stagnation Identity vs. Role Confusion Industry vs. Inferiority Initiative vs. Guilt Integrity vs. Despair Intimacy vs. Isolation Trust vs. Mistrust
Psychotherapy	Psychological Therapy Talking Therapy	Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; Comprehensive Distancing) Anti-Psychiatry Beck’s Generic Cognitive Model Behavior Therapy (Behavioral Therapy; Behavioral Psychotherapy) Brief Therapy (Brief Psychotherapy and Planned Short-Term Therapy) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Humanism Cognitive Restructuring Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Triangle (CBT Triangle; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Triangle) Coherence Therapy Couples Therapy (Couples Counseling; Marriage Counseling; Marriage Therapy: Relationship Education; Relationship Therapy) Dialectical Behavior Therapy Directed Thinking (Goal-Directed Thinking) Directive Play Therapy Eclectic Psychotherapy EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy) Existential–Humanistic Therapy (Humanistic–Existential Therapy) Expressive Therapies (Expressive Arts Therapy; Creative Arts Therapies) Family Therapy (Couple and Family Therapy; Family Counseling; Family Systems Therapy; Marriage and Family Therapy) Feminist Therapies Gestalt Therapy Group Therapy (Group Psychotherapy) Guided Imagery (Guided Affective Imagery; Katathym Imaginative Psychotherapy) Human Givens Model Integrative Psychotherapy Internal Family Systems Interpersonal Psychotherapy Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Multimodal Therapy Multiple Impact Therapy (Impact Therapy) Narrative Psychology Narrative Therapy Nondirective Play Therapy Play Therapy Positive Psychology Primal Therapy Process Experiential Psychotherapy Projective Play Psychedelic Therapy Psychiatry Psychoanalysis (Depth Psychology) Psychoanalytic Play Technique Psychodynamic Therapy (Psychodynamic Psychotherapy) Puppetry Therapy Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Rational Therapy; Rational Emotive Therapy) Reality Therapy Sensorimotor Psychotherapy Somatic Experiencing (Somatic Experiencing Therapy) Somatic Psychology (Body Psychotherapy; Somatherapy) Strategic Therapy Structural Therapy Structured Learning Systemic Coaching Systemic Therapy Transgenerational Therapy Transpersonal Therapy Tripartite Model of Psychotherapy Uncovering
Quantum Cognition		Quantum Information Science Quantum Neuroscience (Quantum Neurobiology; Quantum Neurophysics)
Quantum Mind	Neural Quantium Theory Quantal Hypothesis Quantal Theory Quantum Consciousness (Note: should not be confused with Quantum Cognition)	Holonomic Brain Theory (Holographic Brain Theory) Quantum Information Quantum Logic Quantum Neural Network Qubit (Quantum Bit; Quron)
Queer Pedagogy		Heteronormativity Heteropatriarchy (Cisheteropatriarchy) Queer Theory
Radical Behaviorism		Operationism Operationist View of Consciousness Stimulation Theories
Radical Constructivism		Critical Constructivism Cultural Constructivism
Rationalism		Analytic Philosophy Anti-Realism Argumentation Theory (Argumentation) Binary Logic (Bivalent Logic; Boolean Logic; Two-Valued Logic) Cartesianism Cogito (cogito ergo sum) Cultural Relativism Deontic Logic Doxastic Logic Epistemic Relativism (Alethic Relativism; Cognitive Relativism; Factual Relativism) Fuzzy Logic Imperative Logic Lay Epistemic Theory Logic Logical Pluralism Many-Valued Logic (Multiple-Valued Logic; n-Valued Logic) Method of Doubt (Cartesian Doubt; Method of Systematic Doubt) Modal Logic Natural Law Theory Nominalism Nous Presentism Psychologism Rational Decision Making Relativism Reliabilism (Reliabilist Epistemology) Solipsism Subjectivism Temporal Logic Universalism
Realism	Commonsense Realism Direct Realism Perceptual Realism	Absolutism Agential Realism Logical Realism (Logical Objectivism; Anti-Psychologism) Naïve Realism (Direct Realism; Phenomenal Absolutism) Scientific Realism Structural Realism Substantialism
Reductionism	Fragmentalism	Atomism Critical Perspective (Critical Intellectual Sensibility; Critical Mode; Critical Philosophical Orientation) Idealistic Monism Logical Atomism Mechanism (Mechanical Materialism; Universal Mechanism) Mechanistic Theory (Mechanical Concept of Mind; Mechanistic Approach; Mechanical-Man Concept) Methodological Reductionism Monism Natural Monism Neutral Monism Objectivism Ontological Reductionism Post-Critical Philosophy Radical Empiricism Social Atomism Theory Reductionism Unity of Science
Reflective Practice		Critical Praxis Praxis Private Self-Consciousness Public Self-Consciousness Reflective Consciousness (Self-Reflection) Retrospection Self-Consciousness
Reflexology	Psychoreflexology	Collective Reflexology
Relational Constructivism		Powerful Knowledge Relational Knowledge Relational Reasoning (Relational Thinking)
Relational Frame Theory		Arbitrary Applicable Relational Responding Combinatorial Mutual Entailment Mutual Entailment Nonarbitrary Relational Responding Relational Responding
Repair Theory		Star-Bugs
Representationalism	Epistemological Dualism Indirect Realism Representationism	Cartesian Materialism Cartesian Theater Cascading Homunculi Homunculus (Homunculus Fallacy) (Theory of) Mental Content Mental Representation Mind’s Eye (Mentis Oculi) Multiple Trace Theory Neural Representation Representational Thought Symbolic Thinking (Symbolic Processing) Theater of Consciousness Visual Memory Visual Thinking (Visual–Spatial Learning; Picture Thinking; Real-Picture Thinking) World Simulation Metaphor
Rhizomatic Learning
Romanticism	Educational Romanticism	Organic Romanticism
Rotation Model of Learning		Individual-Rotation Model Lab-Rotation Model Learning Stations Model (Differentiated Stations; Learning Centers; Learning through Workstations; Station Rotation)
Rote Learning	Verbatim Learning	Active Recall Anticipation Learning Method (Anticipation Method; Serial Anticipation Method) Associate Cue Categorical Clustering Context-Specific Learning Contextual Cue (Contextual Association) Flash Cards Free-Recall Learning Identity Cue Keyword Mnemonic Method of Loci Mnemonics Nonverbal Learning Overlearning Paired-Associate Learning (Paired-Associates Method; Paired-Associates Recall) Part Method of Learning Pegword Method Relearning (Savings in Relearning; Savings Method) Repetition Principle Retrieval Practice (Practice Testing; Test-Enhanced Learning; Testing Effect) Self-Reference Effect Serial Learning (Serial-Order Learning) Retrieval Cue Serial Recall Skilled Memory Theory Spaced Learning Spaced Repetition (Expanded Retrieval, Expanding Rehearsal, Graduated Intervals, Repetition Scheduling, Repetition Spacing, Spaced Rehearsal, Spaced Retrieval) State-Dependent Learning (Dissociated Learning) Superlearning Ultralearning Verbal Learning Whole Method of Learning
Schema Theory		Accommodation Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) Assimilation Change Blindness Concept Conceptual System Cognitive Structure Conceptual-Act Model of Emotion (Theory of Constructed Emotion; Constructivist Theory of Emotion) Constructive Perception Theory (Constructive Theory of Perception) Filling-In Image Schema (Theory of) Misplaced Constancy (Inappropriate Constancy Scaling Theory; Inappropriate Size-Constancy Scaling Theory) Optical Illusion (Visual Illusion) Percept Restructuring Schema Schema-Based Instruction Schema-Based Learning (Schema-Oriented Learning) Self-Schema (Working Self-Concept) Social Schema Tuning
Schools of Education	Educational Sciences	Adult Education and Lifelong Learning Counseling Psychology Critical and Cultural Studies in Education Curriculum and Instruction Curriculum Studies Educational Administration Educational Foundations Educational Policy and Leadership Educational Psychology Educational Technology 4M Framework Industrial and Vocational Education Learning Sciences Normal School Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) School Psychology Teacher Education
Script Theory		Conceptual Dependency Theory Contextual Dependency Theory Knowledge Structure
SECI Model of Knowledge Dimensions	Organizational Knowledge Creation
Second-Order Cybernetics	Cybernetics of Cybernetics New Cybernetics Second Cybernetics	Artificial Life Self-Reference Sociocybernetics Xenobots
Self-Blended Model of Learning	Self-Blend Model of Learning
Self-Categorization Theory
Self-Determination Theory		Actualizing Tendency Amotivation Authentic Inner Compass Basic Psychological Needs Theory Causality Orientations Theory Cognitive Evaluation Theory Effectance Motivation (Mastery Motivation) Ego Involvement External Motivation Extrinsic Motivation Fear of Failure (Academic Anxiety; Academic Fear) Goal Contents Theory Hope for Success Identified Motivation Intrinsic Motivation Introjected Motivation Motivated Learning Organismic Integration Theory Relationship Motivation Theory Self-Concordance Model Task Involvement Unmotivated Learning
Self-Directed Learning	Autodidacticism Autodidactism Autonomous Learning Heutagogy Independent Learning Self-Determined Learning Self-Education Self-Learning Self-Teaching	Learner Control Professional Growth Plan (PGP; Teacher Professional Growth Plan; TPGP) Self-Instruction Self-Instructional Training Staged Self-Directed Learning Model Tangential Learning
Self-Efficacy	Efficacy Expectations Perceived Self-Efficacy	Cognitive Empowerment (Cognitive Model of Empowerment; Psychological Empowerment) Collective Teacher Efficacy (Collective Efficacy) Instructional Self-Efficacy Reciprocal Determinism (Reciprocal Causation; Triadic Reciprocality; Triadic Reciprocity; Triadic Reciprocal Determinism) Self-Attention Theory Voluntarism
Self-Perception Theory		Self-Expansion Theory
Self-Regulated Learning		Action Control Theory Active and Dynamic Self-Regulated Learning Processes Co-Regulated Learning Cyclical Phases Model of Self-Regulated Learning Dual Processing Self-Regulation Model Metacognitive and Affective Model of Self-Regulated Learning Multi-Level Model of Self-Regulated Learning Pintrich’s Self-Regulated Learning Model Psychitecture Regulatory Focus Theory Self-Control Self-Discipline Self-Management Self-Mastery Self-Regulation Self-Regulation Theory Self-Regulatory Resources Theory Self-Reinforcement (Self-Reaction) Self-Schema (Working Self-Concept) Socially Shared Regulated Learning Model Structural Model of Self-Regulated Learning Volitional Learning Strategies (Regulation of Motivation; Volitional Control; Volitional Regulation; Volitional Style) Winne Self-Regulated Learning Model
Self-Talk	Inner Discourse Inner Speech Internal Discourse Internal Monologue Self Conversation	Egocentric Speech Internalized Speech Negative Self-Talk (Demotivation) Positive Self-Talk
Semiotic Pedagogy	Onto-Semiotics
Semiotics		Biosemiotics Cybersemiotics Ecosemiotics Enclothed Cognition Iconicity Semiology Semiosis (Sign Process) Umwelt Umwelt Theory Zoosemiotics
Sensemaking Metaphor		Cognitive Acceleration Elaborative Interrogation Paraphrasing Practice (Summarization) Personal Theories Self-Explanation (Think-Alouds) Self-Explanation Effect Sensemaking Trajectory
Serious Play		Serious Fun Serious Games (Applied Games)
Service-Learning		Service Learning Service-LEARNING SERVICE-Learning
Sign Learning	Purposive Behaviorisms Sign Theory Sign-Gestalt Theory	Place Learning Response Learning (Movement Learning)
Simulation-Based Learning	Simulation Training	Reality-Based Training (RBT)
Situated Cognition		Ortgeist
Situated Learning	Emplaced Learning	Apprenticeship Cooperative Education (Cooperative Training) Guided Participation Legitimate Peripheral Participation Maintenance Learning On-the-Job Training Practice-Based Learning (Practice-Based Professional Learning) Role-Based Learning Sensory-Emplaced Learning Situational Awareness (Situation Awareness) Situational Thinking Work-Based Learning (Vocational Learning; Work-Centered Learning; Workplace Learning)
Smart Learning		Intelligent Classroom Smart Classroom
Social Cognition		Interaction Theory Intercorporeality Mentalization (Reflective Functioning) Simulation Theory (Simulation Theory of Empathy) Theory of Mind (Theory-Theory)
Social Cognitive Theory		Reciprocal Determinism (Reciprocal Causation; Triadic Reciprocality; Triadic Reciprocity; Triadic Reciprocal Determinism)
Social Constructionism		Consensus Reality Epochalism Social Construction of Technology (Technological Constructivism)
Social Constructivism		Dialectical Constructivism
Social Identity Theory		Accentuation Theory Aspirational Group Common Ingroup Identity Model Dissociative Group Dramaturgy Downward Social Comparison Implicit Bias (Implicit Stereotype; Implicit Theory; Unconscious Bias) Internalized Oppression Lateral Social Comparison Membership Group Passing Reference Group (Comparison Group) Relationship Science Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model Self-Expansion Theory Self-Presentation Theory (Impression Management) Self-Verification Theory Shared-Reality Theory (Social Tuning Theory) Social Comparison Theory Sociometer Theory Uncertainty–Identity Theory Upward Social Comparison
Social Learning Theory		Appraisal Theories of Emotion (Emotion Theory) Behavior Modeling Cognitive Appraisal Theory Cognitive Modeling Cognitive–Motivational–Relational Theory Social-Cognitive Theory (Cognitive-Social Learning Theory)
Social Metacognition
Social Model of (Dis)Ability		AAME PREview (Professional Readiness Examination) (Theory of) Adaptive Intelligence Analytical Intelligence At-Risk (At-Promise) Augmented Theory of Successful Intelligence Bioecological Theory of Intelligence Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Capability Approach (Capabilities Approach) CASPer (Computer-Based Assessment for Sampling Personal Characteristics; CMSENS) Compensatory Education Componential Subtheory Contextual Subtheory Creative Intelligence Critical Disability Theory (Critical Disability Studies) Critical Psychology Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD) Dyspedagogia (Teaching Disorder) Eco-Anxiety (Ecological Anxiety; Eco-Distress; Climate Anxiety) Eco-Grief (Climate Grief; Ecological Grief) Existential Intelligence Experiential Subtheory Field Theory of Intelligence Habilitation Health Psychology (Health Care Psychology) Intelligence Interpersonal Intelligence Intrapersonal Intelligence Logical-Mathematical Intelligence Material Intelligence Miscue Analysis Multiple Approaches to Understanding Multiple Intelligences Musical-Rhythmic and Harmonic Intelligence (Musical Intelligence) Naturalistic Intelligence Nature-Deficit Disorder Pediatric Psychology Practical Intelligence (Everyday Intelligence) Situated Intelligence Situational Judgment Test (SJT) Social, Emotional, and Mental Health (SEMH) Sociogenic Hypothesis Special Child Special Education Special Needs Spiral Test Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test Street Intelligence Subject-Object Interview Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Theory of Successful Intelligence) Unobtrusive Measure Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence Visual-Spatial Intelligence Wisdom-Based Intelligence
Social-Emotional Learning	SEL Social and Emotional Learning	Companionable Learning Emotional Cognition Empathy Feelings-as-Information Theory Friendology Peace Learning Circles (formerly: Tribes Learning Communities) Psychoeducational Problems Trauma-Informed Learning (Trauma-Informed Practice)
Socio-Cultural Theory	Social Development Theory Sociocultural Theory Socioculturalism	Inner Speech (Inner Language) Make-Believe Play Mediated Action Private Speech Psychological Tools Scaffolding (Responsive Teaching) Socio-Constructivist Theory Tools of Intellectual Adaptation Verbal Thought Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Zone of Reflective Capacity
Socio-Cultural-Focused Discourses		Appropriation of Knowledge Basic Personality Behavior Setting Theory Boundary Crossing Boundary Object Boundary-Work Consumer Psychology (Consumer Behavior) Big “D” Discourse Collective Conscience (Common Conscience) Continental Philosophy Cultural Studies Culture Discourse Analysis Discourse Community Discourse Routine Discourse Theories (Discourse Studies) Discursive Practice Discursive Psychology Dynamic Social Impact Theory Enculturation Externalisms Little “d” discourse (Small “d” discourse) Object-Based Learning Participatory Epistemology (Participatory Theory) Postformalism Practice Theory (Praxeology; Social Practice Theory; Theory of Social Practices) Psychological Social Psychology Shared Abstraction Shared Cognition (Socially Shared Cognition) Situated Knowledge Social Impact Theory Social Psychology Social Representations Sociological Social Psychology Taken-as-Shared Universe of Discourse Working Consensus
Sociology		Agency Applied Sociology (Policy Sociology; Sociological Practice) Behavioral Science (Behavioral Sciences) Big Data Computational Social Science (Quantitative Social Science) Data Colonialism Dataism Engaged Theory Human Science (Human Sciences; Humanistic Social Science; Moral Sciences) Macrosociology Microsociology Public Sociology Social Dynamics Social Physics (Sociophysics) Social Science (Social Sciences; Science of Society) Social Statics Social Work Sociobiology Sociogenetics Sociolinguistic Knowledge Sociolinguistics Sociology of Education Socionomics Structure (Social Structure)
Socratic Method	Elenctic Method Maieutics Method of Elenchus	Aporia Psychagogy Socratic Effect
Spatial Reasoning	Spatial Intelligence Spatio-Temporal Reasoning	Auditory Space Perception Covariant Representations Depictive Representations (Pictorial Representations) Descriptive Representations (Verbal Representations) Graphical Displays Object-Location Memory (Spatial Memory) Spatial Learning Spatial Representations Spatial Visualization Visual Argument
Stages of Change Theory	Transtheoretical Model	Action Stage Contemplation Stage Maintenance Stage Precontemplation Stage Preparation Stage (Determination Stage) Termination Stage
Stages of Understanding Models		Bruner’s Three Stages of Understanding Concrete–Abstract Enactive Representations Iconic Representations Pirie–Kieren Model of Mathematical Understanding Social Interactionism Symbolic Representations Three-Stage Learning Model Van Hiele Levels
Standardized Education	Industrial Age Education Traditional Education	Educational Essentialism (Back-to-Basics) High Modernism (High Modernity) Intellectual Traditionalism (Academic Rationalism) Modernism (Modern Era; Modernity) Perennialism (Educational Perennialism; Universal Curriculum) Social Behaviorism
Stimulus Sampling Theory	Statistical Learning Theory
Structural Learning Theory
Structuralism		Linguistic Relativity (Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis; Whorfian Hypothesis; Whorfianism) System of Difference
Studio-Based Learning
Subsumption Theory	Assimilation Theory Meaningful Reception Learning Reception Learning	Advance Organizer (Advanced Organizer) Comparative Organizer Expository Organizer Obliterative Subsumption
Symbol Systems
Symbolic Interactionism		Normative Cognition
Syntonic Learning		Egodystonic Egosyntonic Syntonic Syntonicity
Systemic Sustainability Education		Alter-Globalization (Alternative Globalization; Alter-Mundialization) Anti-Globalization Movement (Counter-Globalization Movement) Casino Capitalism Cosmopolitanism Cultural Globalization Future Shock Futures Thinking (Future Studies; Futurism; Strategic Foresight) Futurity Global Citizen (Global Citizenship) Global Citizenship Education (Global Civics) Global Competencies Global Consciousness Global Education Global Justice (Global Justice Movement) Global Social Witnessing Globalism Globalization International Education Market Fundamentalism (Free-Market Fundamentalism) McWorld Mundialization Neoliberalism (Neoliberal Globalization) Speculative Pedagogy Sustainability Education (Education for Sustainability; Education for Sustainable Development; Environment and Sustainability Education; Sustainability in Education) “Think globally, act locally.” (“Think global, act local.”) Turbo-Capitalism World Citizen
Systems Psychology	Systemic Psychology Systems Behavior Systems-Based Psychology
Tabula rasa		Pu
Teaching Styles Discourses		Authoritarian Parenting Authoritative Parenting Authority Teaching Style (Lecture Teaching Style; Command Teaching Style; Delivery Teaching Style; Direct(ing) Teaching Style; Expository Teaching; Direct Instruction) Balanced Instruction (Balanced Teaching) Baumrind’s Four Parenting/Teaching Styles Best Practice Collaborator Teaching Style (Discussing Teaching Style; Interaction Teaching Style) Concerted Cultivation Conductor Teaching Style (Hybrid Teaching Style; Blended Teaching Style) Delegator Teaching Style (Empowerment Teaching Style) Demonstrator Teaching Style (Coaching Teaching Style: Modeling Teaching Style; Practice Teaching Style) Developmental-Interaction Approach Didactic Triangle Didactics Discovery Method Divergent Discovery Teaching Style Emergent Curriculum Emotionally Responsive Teaching (Emotionally Responsive Practice) Facilitation Facilitator Teaching Style (Self-Check Teaching Style) Fixed/Mandated/Imposed Curriculum Free-Range Parenting Grasha’s Inventory of Teaching Styles Guided Discovery Teaching Style Helicopter Parenting (Cosseting Parenting) Horizontal Teaming (Horizontal Collaboration) Inclusion Teaching Style (Continuous Progress Teaching Style) Looping Mentoring Monster Parenting Nondirective Teaching Model Parent Effectiveness Training Parent Management Training (Behavioral Parent Training) Parenting Styles Parenting Training Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) Permissive Parenting Platooning (Departmentalized Teaching; Distributed Teaching Model; Specialist Teaching) Punitive Parenting Reciprocal Teaching Style Reflective Teaching Relationship-Centered Teaching (Relationship-Based Teaching; Relationship-Centered Learning) Signature Pedagogies Slow Parenting (Simplicity Parenting) Social-Inquiry Model Staffordshire Hexagon of Teaching Styles Structured Learning Student-Centered Learning (Child-Centered Learning; Learner-Centered Education) Teacher-Centered Learning (Instructor-Centered Learning) Teaching to the Middle Teaching Presence Teaming (Collaborative Team Teaching; Team Teaching) Theory of Teaching-in-Context Tiger Parenting TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge; Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge) Uninvolved Parenting (Rejecting–Neglecting Parenting) Unstructured Learning Vertical Teaming (Vertical Collaboration) Whole Channel
Technology-Mediated Individual Learning	Educational Technology EdTech EduTech	Adaptive Technology Assistive Technology Asynchronous Learning Audiovisual Learning (Bi-Sensory Learning; Media Learning) Augmented Reality Learning Environments Automated Learning Big Data cMOOC (Connectivist MOOC) Collaboratory Computer-Assisted Instruction (Computer-Aided Instruction; Computer-Assisted Learning; Computer-Based Education; Computer-Based Instruction; Computer-Enriched Instruction; Computer-Managed Instruction; Web-Based Training; Web-Based Learning; Web-Based Instruction) Correspondence Education Critical Digital Literacy (Digital Literacy; Critical Media Literacy) Courseware Cyberloafing (Cyberbludging; Cyberslacking) Digital Learning Distance Learning (Distance Education; Remote Education; Remote Learning) Distributed Learning (Distributed Education) Domestication Theory E-Tivity E-Tutoring (Online Tutoring) Education 3.0 Educational Data Mining Edupunk Extended Reality (XR) Immersive Learning Information Design Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) Lazy User Model Learning Management System (Course Management System; E-Learning Platform; Pedagogical Platform) Learning Technologies Materials-Based Learning Media Naturalness Theory (Compensatory Adaptation Theory) Media Richness Theory (Information Richness Theory) Mixed Reality Learning Environments (Interactive Virtual Reality Learning Environments) Modular Distance Learning MOOC (Massive Online Open Course) Open Educational Practices (Open Pedagogy; Open Practices) Open Educational Resources Resource-Based Learning SAMR Model SPOC (Small Private Online Course) Synchronous Learning (Real-Time Learning; Sync Learning) Technology Acceptance Model Technology Adoption Lifecycle Technology Integration Tele-Learning (TelElearning; Tele-Education) Theory of Planned Behavior Theory of Reasoned Action TikTok Brain Transactional Distance Theory Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Vanishing Cues Methodology Virtual Reality Learning Environments Visual Instruction xMOOC (extended MOOC)
Threshold Concept Theory
Transformative Learning	Transformational Theory	Phases of Transformative Learning (Perspective Transformation Stages) Contextualized Model of Adult Learning
Transformative Pedagogy	Transformative Education
Transhumanism		Body Hacking (Biohacking) Cyborg Cyborg Anthropology Directed Evolution (Participant Evolution) Grinders (Grinder Movement) Neurohacking (Neurocybernetic Augmentation) Noosphere (Noösphere)
U-Learning	Ubiquitous Learning Boundary-Crossing Learning
Ubiquitous Metaphors of Learning
Unaffiliated Discourses		Cognitive Learning (Knowledge Change) Content Literacy Disciplinary Literacy Eureka Task Individual Learning Knowledge Organization (Information Organization; Organization of Information; Organization of Knowledge) Melodic Learning Multiliteracies Multimodality (Multiple Literacies)
Universal Darwinism	Darwinian Metaphysics Generalized Darwinism Universal Selection Theory	Beyondism Biocultural Evolution Cross-Adaptation Cross-Enhancement Darwinism Epigenetic Landscape Epigenetics Eugenics (Ectogenesis) Evolution Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo) Evolutionary Developmental Psychology Evolutionary Educational Psychology Evolutionary Psychology Evolvability Evolved Psychological Mechanism Intelligent Design Lamarckism (Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics; Use-and-Disuse Theory) Natural Drift Natural Selection Neural Darwinism (Neuronal Group Selection; Selectionist Brain Theory) Orthogenesis (Evolutionary Progress; Orthogenetic Evoluution; Progressionism; Progressive Evolution) Paleopsychology Phase Space Physiological Adaptation Political Genetics Population Dynamics Population Learning Psychological Adaptation Punctuated Equilibrium Repeated Learning Sensory Adaptation (Neural Adaptation) Social Darwinism Social Evolution Sociocultural Evolution (Cultural Evolution; Sociocultural Evolutionism; Sociogenesis) Survival of the Fit Survival of the Fittest Teleology Teleonomy Theistic Evolution (Evolutionary Creationism; God-Guided Evolution)
Universal Design for Learning	UDI UDL UID Universal Design for Instruction Universal Instructional Design	Accessibility Theory Accessible Education Built Pedagogy Design for Adjustable Range Design for the Average Discriminatory Design (Exclusionary Design) Handism Hostile Architecture (Unpleasant Design) Reasonable Accommodation Transgenerational Design Universal Design
Variation Theory		Adaptation-Level Theory “Differences that make a difference” (“Differences which make a difference”) Differentiation Theory of Perceptual Development Intelligent Practice Principle of Difference Recognition-by-Components Theory (RBC Theory) Theory of Collative Properties
Virtual Community of Practice	Online Community of Practice	Virtual Learning Community Virtual Learning Environment
Visible Learning		Evidence-Based Learning (Evidence-Based Teaching; Evidence-Based Education)
Visualization	Creative Visualization	Aphantasia Auditory Imagery Guided Imagery (Guided Affective Imagery; Katathym Imaginative Psychotherapy) Hyperphantasia Imageless Thought Mental Imagery (Mental Image; Mental Picture; Visual Imagery) Mirroring Motor Imagery (Mental Practice of Action) Psychoneuromuscular Theory Scientific Visualization Spatial Visualization Symbolic Learning Theory Visual Thinking (Visual–Spatial Learning; Picture Thinking; Real-Picture Thinking)
Well-Being Discourses		Adaptive Coping (of Well-Being Discourses) Affective Well-Being Balanced Education Biopsychosocial Model Caring (Ethics of Care) Character Education (Ethics Education; Moral Education) Cognitive Well-Being Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Non-Western Therapies) Deliberate Psychological Education (DPE) Explicit Values Education Flourishing/Languishing Health Promoting Schools (Comprehensive School Health) Health Psychology (Health Care Psychology) Human-Potential Movement (Human-Growth Movement) Integration Theory (Mindsight Approach) Integrative Medicine Mental Hygiene Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) Physical Culture (Body Culture) Physical Literacy (Active for Life) Posttraumatic Growth Salutogenesis Self-Care Self-Realization Subjective Well-Being Thriving (Posttraumatic Growth) Tough Love Trauma-Sensitive Classroom Value Learning Values Education Values-Based Education Wellness Wellness Concept Whole-Person Learning Wisdom (Sagacity; Sapience)
Wild Pedagogies		Multi-Species’ Flourishing Wild Mind
Zone Theory of Child Development		Zone of Free Movement (ZFM) Zone of Optional Functioning (ZOF; Zone of Individual Optimal Functioning, ZIOF) Zone of Potentiality (ZOP) Zone of Promoted Action (ZPA)